Kaoru et al. explain that increasing fatty acid utilization fights insulin resistance, and that exercise is known to increase utilization (109). The question mark, as the authors explain, is how much exercise and at what level is required in order to facilitate fatty acid utilization. Therefore the rationale for designing a study to probe this question was well founded.
The hypothesis of the study was similarly well-structured. As already mentioned, the study was designed to test the hypothesis that fatty acids are available for utilization in the body even following short-term exercise at low levels of intensity (109). This is a positive hypothesis, one that is designed to demonstrate a conclusion the authors are interested in finding. The study could have, in theory, been designed in an opposite fashion on the assumption that low levels of exercise will not increase fatty acid utilization. Nonetheless, the hypothesis was thoughtfully reasoned and conformed to the rationale of the study. The proposed study seemed, at first brush, to be adequate toward the intended goal.
The methods and design of the study, however, unfortunately demonstrated some inadequacies that test the scientific merit of the study. Most glaringly, the population size selected for the study was limited to nine individuals. While their collective characteristics were appropriate for the tests, the limitations in size could produce any number of complications for the results perhaps by unintentionally skewing the data set. No explicit reason was provided for the selection of such a limited population; this evaluation is left to wonder if budgetary constraints or an unmentioned variable had a hand in limiting the study's scope to a sample of only nine individuals. Additionally, little to no information was provided regarding the controls placed on the study or the statistical analysis methods employed. Readers have no basis...
Anatomy and Physiology Sickle cell anemia is defined as being a severe form of the illness anemia, where not enough healthy red blood cells are present to carry the necessary oxygen to the rest of the body (Hwang & Shaparin 2003). Red blood cells in individuals with sickle cell anemia will be rigid and moon-shaped, unlike normal red blood cells that are smooth and round. Because of the shape of the
Kyle Thornton Spina Bifida Statistics of Disease Etiology of Spina Bifida Pathology and Physiology of Spina Bifida Signs and Symptoms Diagnostic Tests Medical Treatments Physical Therapy of Spina Bifida SPINA BIFIDA Neural tube defects are the second most common congenital defects in the United States. This occurs due to a defect during early fetal development. These defects are classically of two types, open and closed. Spinal NTDs (spina bifida), anencephaly, and encephalocele are examples of open defects. Common examples of
Other factors include a history of alcohol and tobacco use, and dietary assessment including saturated fat and caffeine. Also certain prescribed and over-the-counter medications, herbal remedies, and illicit drugs may be factors, as well as psychosocial and environmental factors such as family situation, employment status, working conditions, and educational levels (Guidelines). Aside from routine physical examinations, laboratory tests, such as urinalysis, blood cell count and blood chemistry may be used
Cutaneous Candidiasis: A Case Study Candidiasis This case study involves a 35-year-old woman diagnosed with candidiasis of the inner thighs. The goal of this report is to provide the patient with information about the most likely cause of her condition and how best to resolve the infection. In order to accomplish this goal a review of Candida pathogenesis will be presented first. Candida Pathogenesis Members of the Candida genus, in particular C. albicans, can
Osteoporosis In a healthy adult the skeleton is maintained through a process of complementary bone resorption and deposition (Das & Crockett, 2013). The two cell types responsible for this process are the multinucleated osteoclasts derived from the blood and resident osteoblasts. In the course of normal living the skeleton will develop localized, stress-induced microfractures, which trigger resident osteocytes to signal for help from the osteoclasts. The osteoclasts arrive and begin to
For example, if one was travelling from Seattle to New York City and the flight arrived at 5pm New York Time the person's internal clock would still be registering 2pm. If the person wanted to be asleep around 11pm, then they should take the melatonin at about 8-830pm. If that same person flew from Seattle to Hawaii, and they arrived at 7pm, their internal clock would register 10pm; so
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