H.J. McCloskey gives a different account, however. He makes his argument for the Retributive Theory of Justice in opposition to the utilitarian notion of justice, but maintains that the criminal has a right to punishment. He says that the utilitarian approach to justice takes crime to be bad and punishment a necessary ill to stop the bad (crime). In utilitarianism, punishment does not even require a person to be guilty of any crime so long as the punishment deters other crimes to ensure the greatest good in society (thereby sacrificing one for the good of many). McCloskey says that this is not just and that the person being punished must be deserving of that punishment. He says "evils should be distributed according to desert and…the vicious deserve to suffer" (120). His version of the retributive theory, therefore, says that individuals who commit crimes deserve (have a right) to be punished because they deserve to suffer for committing the crime. Further, the criminal made myself unequal by committing the crime, so he deserves to be treated unequally (i.e., unlike other members of society who are, e.g., receiving various freedoms).
Throughout all of the takes of the retributive theory of justice from these philosophers, though, one major theme has remained the same: the offender's right to punishment. Whether the offender is punished because she has punished...
Yet, when you go beyond the generalities, it is obvious that this a taking a one size fits all approach when it comes to society. Where, you are assuming that everyone will react the same to the various rules / laws that have been established. However, the pessimists argue that such thinking does not take into account how various experiences and personal relationships will determine someone's morals and values.
However, in principle, the rules and laws of society merely ensure our freedom from unwanted behavior of others. In many cases, in fact, the particular rules themselves are purely arbitrary, such as the simple rules of the road about stopping on a red signal and going on a green signal because the reverse rule would be just as good. The purpose of the rules of the road are simply to
In the event you cannot honestly recommend him as an employee without lying to the new employer, you might consider explaining the truth of the situation to the new employer by telephone while providing your sister with a "file copy" of a the supposed letter addressed to the new employer on your letterhead, being sure to scribble something like "Here you go Sis...I don't feel right about this, but here's
Philosophy The cosmological disagreement can take many forms, but it works with the basis since the cosmos (universe) exists, there must be a God. How can the information that the universe exist point to any other conclusion than that the universe exists? The first argues that God must exist because He is "The Temporal First Cause" of the universe. The second argues that God must exist because He is "The Ontological
Philosophy and Morality INSTRUCTIONS The exam consists essays. Please essays document. Please plagiarize. Be paraphrase verbatim language authors putting quotation marks. You document sources, -text citation ( footnotes) a reference page. Philosophy John Arthur's "Morality, Religion, and Conscience," A concern on the relationship between morality and religion is an ancient argument that continues in philosophy in the present times. The argument is mainly on whether morality emanates from an institution or religious background. Theologians
Further Consideration of the Issues: Actually, Singer's use of the term absolute affluence is not perfectly analogous (because the corresponding analog to the conditions of absolute poverty are those of extravagant wealth not working class wealth), but the idea itself is still valid just the same. The point is simply that once human society in part of the world reached the point where even most of those considered "poor" receive
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