Nietzsche here presents a direct path -- unlike Rousseau -- out of the swamps of nothingness: the path is not necessarily religion, nor is it secularism. Rather, it is a lack of contradiction.
Nietzsche urges each man to evaluate just what he believes and desires and understand for himself whether he wishes to credit God or himself. In other words, Nietzsche calls upon man to answer the age old question: fate or control?
If mankind avoids contradiction here, he is able to pick himself up by the bootstraps and re-instill into his life some of the soul and passion that Rousseau bleakly believes is missing.
In fact, Nietzsche had a great argument with Rousseau's thinking: this hostility derives from Nietzsche's conviction that the autonomous subject of Enlightened political discourse is hopelessly inadequate. Nietzsche did not feel that politics and freedom of religion and government are the keys to man's happiness.
Nietzsche's thinking also contradicts communist thought: Communism absolves both God and man and relies on community instead. Nietzsche asks mankind to choose between God and man and he truly means it: a choice of neither does not satisfy Nietzsche's model for picking oneself up from the swamps.
Similarly, Nietzsche's thought runs very contrary to More's "Utopia," simply because he did not at all believe in the concept of religions -- Catholicism in particular, as later years proved More's affinity -- and the freedom to choose a religion as being the savior for mankind's progression into unhappiness.
However, Nietzsche did share much with Dostoevsky. Both believed that Jesus presented no answers. However, Dostoevsky believed in Jesus' impotence from a very normative perspective; Nietzsche, on the other hand, only denied Jesus in a situation in which man was not given a choice to either choose to relegate responsibility for life to either God or man himself.
Marx/Engels, on the other hand, share their philosophy, at least in part, with every other thinker examined here. First, they believed that the descent of man into capitalism created social classes, and these social classes detract incontrovertibly from the human experience.
To that end, they agree entirely with Rousseau. However, Marx and Engels believe that the loss is an economic one, whereas Rousseau laments the emotional and...
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