Furthermore, what is intriguing is that all of these fictive authors created by Pessoa interact with one another and even translate each other's works. (Gibbs 226)
One critic notes that "Fernando Pessoa invented at least 72 fictive identities. "His jostling aliases...expressed his belief that the individual subject -- the core of European thought -- is an illusion." (Gray 52) This view goes to the heart of the matter, as will be discussed in the following sections of this paper; namely that the creation of these fictive identities emphasizes and highlights the modern crisis of identity and the existential and postmodern view that the self as a coherent and continuous entity is an illusion. The following extract emphasizes this central point and also allows for reflection on the deconstruction of identity in terms of the uncertainty of authorship.
"Fernando Pessoa, strictly speaking, doesn't exist." These words were written by Alvaro de Campos, naval engineer, opium-eater, absinthe-drinker, dandy and futurist -- and one of at least 72 "heteronyms," fictive identities through the medium of which Pessoa produced some of the most remarkable poetry and prose of the 20th century. (Gray 52) in other words, the effect of the creation of the fictive characters in the work of Pessoa points to a cardinal issue -- that the author himself as an existent 'self' is questioned and may not in fact exist - except through the creation of his fictive characters. This relates to the postmodern deconstruction of the author or authorial authority in literature. It also leads to the questioning of the modes of normative reality that construct the social and individual world. This is an aspect that will be discussed in more detail in the following section.
The extent to which these characters assume their own life can be seen in one of the central characters that Pessoa developed. Alberto Caeiro is the pagan author of a work entitled the Keeper of Sheep. This work is a "… poetic critique of language and metaphysics as subtle and forceful as anything to be found in Wittgenstein…" (Gray 52) This character and his writings embody the uncertainty and discontinuity of the postmodern condition (Gray 52) and stress the view that there is no individual with a stable and fixed or cohesive self or identity.
As has been briefly referred to, there are a number of differing theories as to the underlying reasons for the creation of these characters. As one critic notes: "Pessoa's grip on his own self was so tenuous that at one point he took to writing to his old teachers and schoolmates in Durban, posing as the psychiatrist Faustino Antunes, asking for their opinion on the mental state of his patient, Fernando Pessoa who, depending on the letter, had either committed suicide or was under restraint at an asylum. Having no idea who he was, Pessoa hoped to gain some insight from those who knew him." (Lachman, para. 4)
This would suggest that he was psychotic and consequently a psychological interpretation is applicable to the understanding of his word. However, as will be discussed in the following section, the view is taken in this paper that far from being a 'psychological aberration' the construction of the characters and their works in Pessoa's oeuvre is a subtle and intense critique of the modern mind and the state of modern humanity. It will be suggested that this writer was fully aware of the causes and direction of his creations. It is perhaps pertinent at this stage to review a brief extract from his writing in order to throw more light on the subject. The following quotation by Pessoa, part of which has already been cited, serves to illustrate the point that he was highly aware and conscious of the creative artistic process in shaping his characters and their work. This passage is quoted at length as it serves as a platform for further insight into the significance of his artistic process in the creation...
.0. Introduction1.1. Background and Academic ContextPrehistorically, Globalisation is defined as an emerging network that belongs to economical and social systems (Online etimologi etymology dictionary, non non-paginated) . Roland Robertson (1992) was the first person to define globalisation globalization as \\\"the understanding of the world and the increased perception of the world as a whole�. .� However, later definitions have varied as there were many more complexities associated to with the
.0. Introduction1.1. Background and Academic ContextPrehistorically, Globalisation is defined as an emerging network that belongs to economical and social systems (Online etimologi dictionary, non paginated) . Roland Robertson (1992) was the first person to define globalisation as \\\"the understanding of the world and the increased perception of the world as a whole\\\". However later definitions have varied as there were many more complexities associated to the word globalisation (Dr. Nayef
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