Many of the clinical scales, as well as the aggression scale, also have a number of subscales to provide more nuanced information bout each of the clinical conditions. For example, the Borderline Features scale has four subscales: Affective Instability, Identity Problems, Negative Relationships and Self-Harm.
The resulting score profiles can be compared to either normative or clinical populations. Raw scores are converted to T-scores using tables provided in the scoring manual. These tables were generated using either normative or clinical samples that were census matched and standardized (Morey, 2007). The manual provides average scores for each of the subscales, for example, the average T score for Borderline Traits is 59, indicating that individuals falling below this number are emotionally stable and do not reflect borderline traits. The individual mean scores for each scale vary and are presented within the testing manual (Morey, 2007).
Test Application
The PAI has been used in a number of different settings, including inpatient and outpatient psychiatric treatment, personnel selection, medical screening, criminal justice and forensic settings, assessment of PTSD in veterans, and substance abuse treatment and assessment. The scale is very relevant to clinical diagnosis, making it widely used in any setting where clinical diagnoses are suspected or sought. For example, the scale can be useful in diagnosing clinical depression, schizophrenia, anxiety and severe personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder and anti-social personality disorder (Morey, 2007).
Because the assessment can be self administered to an individual or group, and because it is relatively quick to complete (less than an hour) and is provided at a low reading level (grade 4), the test is popular in both clinical treatment settings and research settings (Blais, Baity, & Hopwood, 2010).
Strengths & Weaknesses
The PAI is popular due to a number of its strengths. The test was developed using a sound theory of construct development...
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A different sample looked at 144 offenders incarecerated only in Texas and 137 of those 144 completed the PAI as mentioned above to help classify them. The average age of this 144 people was 36.99 years. The same sample was pretty racially diverse given that roughly half was white, 35% was black, 16.1% was Hispanic and the other 0.7% was something else (Caperton, Edens & Johnson, 2004). As for how
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