It may even be impossible to retroactively identify every influence on the development of personality. However, contemporary psychologists already understand the general patterns in which major areas of psychological influence exert themselves on the individual.
More often than not, more than one avenue of psychological inquiry is helpful. Personality development in the typical patient may have been primarily influenced by Freudian issues in infancy and subsequent specific experiences in middle childhood, and secondarily by a particular negative experience or period of conflict in the nuclear family. Therefore, in the practical sense, measuring personality development means retroactively identifying the conceptually recognized potential influences along the full spectrum of psychological approaches. By matching behavioral (and other outwardly observable) manifestations of personality formation to the identifiable potential influences, it is often possible to pinpoint the most likely route of origin for major observable elements of personality.
Toward a Cross-Culturally Appropriate Theory of Personality Development
The simultaneity of multiple psychological influences on personality development greatly complicates the prospect of drawing definitive conclusions about the exact origin of psychological outcomes expressed as elements of personality. Similarly, the influence of the human socialization process and social culture adds another tremendously complicated factor.
Classic experiments by Skinner (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2008) documented how much more important external influences in relation to maternal messages and behavior can be, even in comparison to biological predisposition (such as to confidence or shyness as a personality trait of infants). The human socialization process and the susceptibility of the developing individual to cultural messages and values transmitted in this manner are tremendously powerful factors in shaping personality development. Notwithstanding differences between individuals not determined by the constant variable of external culture, major aspects of personality are shaped by the experiences of being socialized into every specific human culture (Pinker, 2002; Bradshaw, 2002; Branden, 2001).
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Gushue, Clarke, Pantzer, et al., (2006) examine the application of social cognitive theories to career counseling, reporting that self-efficacy is a pertinent issue in this process. In particular, these authors report that: Career decision making self-efficacy refers to the degree to which individuals feel confident in their ability to successfully engage in tasks associated with making a career choice and with commitment to a career. It has also been observed that
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