The researcher expects there will be much research both qualitative and quantitative available for review on the subject of school counseling and the ASCA model. The researcher also predicts however, that relatively little data has been systematically collected on the perceptions of teachers toward guidance counselors using the ASCA model. Thus, the intent of the literature review is primarily a synopsis and explanation of the events leading up to the ASCA implementation, and some review of any recent studies available describing the impact or influence this model has had on education, students, parents, teachers, the curriculum, administrators and the community. The researcher proposes providing a comprehensive overview of the events leading to implementation of the ASCA. For this reason the researcher will not rely on newer text and peer reviewed research alone, but also texts and research dating one, two and three decades previous, as it is important to explore history as well as modern philosophies of education.
The researcher proposes comparing the results of the survey and focus groups to information collected from the research. In doing so the researcher will have an opportunity to provide a philosophy or theory about the efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of the ASCA. The researcher's intentions include filling a gap in current research related to the effects the ASCA model has had on education as a whole, and identify whether improvements may be made in the current system and method.
Methodology
Method
The research method used for this proposed research is a qualitative case study, which utilizes small focused groups to collect information from participants and surveys or interviews to provide further insight into the research question (Strauss & Corbin, 1998).
Analysis and Research Method
The research model adopted for this research is a qualitative case study. Thus, the researcher will explore the advantages and disadvantages of the model provided by the ASCA in depth. The sample proposed for this study will include teachers and guidance counselors in the K-12 school district using the ASCA. This approach is congruent with a number of social researchers who cite the advantages of qualitative case studies in providing a timely "snapshot" of a given topic through a comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary sources (Dennis & Harris, 2002; Neuman, 2003). According to Iorio (2004), a qualitative case study methodology represents a useful means of gaining additional insights into a wide range of topic areas, but there are some fundamental challenges associated with the technique as well that must be taken into account. This author reports that, "The qualitative case study occupies a unique position in the social sciences in that it is defined more by its object of inquiry (the case) than by the particular research methods used to study it. The object can be an individual, a group, an organization, even an entire community, among many other things" (Iorio, 2004, p. 59). In addition, Iorio (2004) reports that an increasing number of qualitative case studies have involved educational research in recent years as well. Just as the area of interest varies from case study to case study, the procedures used to collect the requisite information vary, and the procedures used in the instant study are discussed further below.
Procedures
To collect data, the researcher will create a survey that allows a combination of open and close-ended questions revolving around experiences pre and post implementation. The information collected from focus groups and interviews will then be compared with information gathered from previous research in the field. The researcher will then contact several schools and inform them of the study's purpose and the means by which information is to be gathered. Once the researcher receives approval, the researcher will conduct the focus group sessions and survey over a two-month time frame. The survey will include the following questions:
Are you familiar with the ASCA?
Do you feel the ASCA has impacted the field positively, negatively or neutral.
What are the advantages of using the ASCA?
Do you feel the ASCA disadvantages outweigh the advantages proposed by the study?
Has implementation of the ASCA affected your perceptions of the role guidance counselors have in student education and social achievement?
Has implementation of the ASCA resulted in changing perceptions among guidance counselors toward students?
Are their tools you think necessary to improve further the functionality of the ASCA model?
Have you noticed changes in guidance counselors' approaches and interaction with student, parents, teachers and the community since inception and implementation of the model described?
Research/Results
Once the...
Teachers Perceptions towards the value of personal development, health and physical education (PD/H/PE) The necessity for the furtherance of vigorous, hale and hearty lifestyles among the children and youth is immense. More and more children and youth are subjected to ample social evils and actions that expose their health and lifestyles at peril. This is substantiated by mounting reports of low self-esteem, insufficient nutrition, family troubles, strain, increased drop-out rates, aggression
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What is known, though, is that many school counselors continue to be underutilized by the very stakeholders who stand to gain the most benefit from their services, and in many cases the professional services rendered by school counselors is incongruent with the ACSA National Model. For example, in their study, "School Counselors Walking the Walk and Talking the Talk," Scarborough and Luke (2008) emphasize that, "Research has continually found
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