Analysis of Romans : :
Introduction
The epistle to the Romans explains the Christian doctrine of justification by faith. Romans 1:18-4:25 contains where Paul addresses the universal sinfulness of humanity, the inadequacy of the law for justification, and the necessity of faith in Jesus Christ for righteousness. This analysis looks at the logic, flow and progression of Paul's argument in this passage. Ultimately, this paper argues that Paul's teaching in Romans 1:184:25 establishes the universal sinfulness of humanity, the inadequacy of the law for justification, and the necessity of faith in Jesus Christ for righteousness, and thus establishes the theological foundation for the doctrine of justification by faith.
Setting the Stage
Romans 1:18-32: The Revelation of God's Wrath
Paul begins his argument by discussing the wrath of God revealed against the unrighteousness of man (Romans 1:18). This wrath is a response to the primary sin, which is the rejection of God's truth and the worship of created things rather than the Creator. This section is directed at a general audience, both Jews and Gentiles, and it calls to mind the universal nature of sini.e., all of humanity is fallen, not just one group of people.
Paul outlines how willful ignorance and active suppression of truth provoke divine wrath. He states that the truth about God is evident and accessible to all people simply through an awareness of creation, yet people choose to ignore it and worship not the Creator but rather the creation, which is idolatry (Romans 1:19-23). False worship results in a corresponding moral decline, characterized by dishonorable passions, depravity and wickedness.
Karl Barths commentary emphasizes the radical nature of this message, noting that Pauls depiction of Gods wrath is a necessary response to the existential reality of human sinfulness and rebellion against divine truth??.[footnoteRef:1] Similarly, C.E.B. Cranfield argues that this passage removes any false notion of security based on race or religious identity by pointing to the universal fallen nature of all humanity before God??.[footnoteRef:2] [1: Barth, Karl. The Epistle to the Romans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933.] [2: Cranfield, C.E.B. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, Volume I: Introduction and Commentary on Romans I-VIII. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1975.]
Romans 2:1-16: God's Righteous Judgment
In this section, Paul brings up the impartiality of God's judgment. He asserts that God will render to each person according to their works (Romans 2:6). This statement actually links this section to James 2:24 and the idea of faith and works being part of the two-fold mystery of justification. In this section, Pual is observing that the concept of the law of Christ is written on one's heart (Romans 2:15). Again, the intended audience here includes both Jews and Gentiles, as Paul means to show that all are under God's judgment.[footnoteRef:3] [3: Dunn, James D.G. Romans 1-8. Dallas: Word Books, 1988.]
Paul challenges both Jews and Gentiles to recognize that mere possession of the law (for Jews) or natural revelation (for Gentiles) does not exempt anyone from God's righteous judgment. He argues that God's judgment is based on truth and impartiality, dismantling any notion of privileged status before God (Romans 2:1-5).
Likewise, the concept of the law written on the heart introduces a major theological point. Paul suggests that even those without the Mosaic Law have an innate sense of right and wrong, which aligns with the moral law. This intrinsic understanding functions as a witness to their moral decisions, holding them accountable before God (Romans 2:14-15). Thus, the stage is set for the subsequent revelation of justification by faith, as it establishes the inadequacy of both the law and human efforts in securing righteousness before God??, which...
…is the God of both Jews and Gentiles. The law of faith upholds the law by fulfilling its righteous requirements through faith in Christ, thus maintaining the law's integrity but also the primary principle of faith.Romans 4:1-25: Abraham as the Model of Faith
In Romans 4, Paul uses Abraham as an example of justification by faith. He argues that Abraham was justified by faith before the law and circumcision (Romans 4:3), which followed from faith. Thus, Abraham is the father of all who believe, both Jews and Gentiles. Paul emphasizes that the promise to Abraham and his offspring was through the righteousness of faith, not through the law (Romans 4:13). In this way, Paul concludes that faith is for Jews and Gentiles alike, and that no one is to be denied justification through faith if they are open to accepting the gift of faith from God. And since this gift is freely given, it is indeed open to all for the receiving.
Conclusion
The analysis of Romans 1:18-4:25 reveals a coherent and systematic argument by Paul regarding the universal sinfulness of humanity, the inadequacy of the law for justification, and the necessity of faith in Jesus Christ for righteousness. Paul's discussion on the wrath of God, the impartiality of God's judgment, the failure of the Jews under the law, and the universal need for justification by faith all work together to support the primary thesis. By examining these passages, we see how Paul lays a theological foundation for the doctrine of justification by faith, emphasizing that it is by faith in Christ that one attains righteousness, not by works of the law. This analysis not only highlights the depth of Paul's theological reasoning but also underscores the continuity of the principle of faith from Abraham to the present, establishing a unified narrative of God's…
Bibliography
Barth, Karl. The Epistle to the Romans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933.
Bird, Michael F. The Saving Righteousness of God: Studies on Paul, Justification, and the New Perspective. Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2007.
Cranfield, C.E.B. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, Volume I: Introduction and Commentary on Romans I-VIII. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1975.
Dunn, James D.G. Romans 1-8. Dallas: Word Books, 1988.
Hultgren, Arland J. Paul's Letter to the Romans: A Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011.
Johnson, Luke Timothy. Reading Romans: A Literary and Theological Commentary. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2001.
Longenecker, Richard N. Introducing Romans: Critical Issues in Paul's Most Famous Letter. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011.
Moo, Douglas J. The Epistle to the Romans. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996.
Schreiner, Thomas R. Romans. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 1998.
Wright, N.T. Paul and the Faithfulness of God. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2013.
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