Parkinson's Disease
A Brief Description of Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder that occurs in middle-age to older adults. The disorder has a mean beginning of about 55 years of age. The incidence of Parkinson's disorder increases with age. PD affects about 0.15% percent of the population (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). PD was first described in 1817 by James Parkinson's "Essay on the Shaking Palsy."
In 95% of PD cases diagnoses there is no genetic association (no one in the family has it) and these cases are designated as sporadic PD. In the small number of remaining cases the disorder is inherited (Dauer & Przedborski, 2003). A condition known as secondary Parkinsonism that resembles the physical presentation of PD can be brought on by a number of drugs or other conditions such as dopamine antagonist medications, hypoxia, and from brain tumors (APA, 2000).
The Cause of PD
The etiology (cause) of PD is not known but there are distinct neuropathological signs of PD that have been relatively well described. The neural loops that connect the basal ganglia and the thalamus in midbrain are composed of both inhibitory and excitatory pathways. These pathways combine together to form two basic routes: a direct route that induces physical actions (composed of excitatory neural loops) and an indirect neural route that decreases or inhibits actions (composed of inhibitory neural loops). PD results from involvement in both of these areas. The two major neuropathological characteristics of PD are (Goetz, Emre & Dubois, 2009):
1. A massive loss of the nirgrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The loss of dopaminergic neurons means that a deficiency of the brain neurotransmitter dopamine is the characteristic feature of PD (Goetz, Emre & Dubois, 2009). The nirgrostriatal tract is one of the major projections in the brain that is involved in movement. However, the principal pathology of PD appears to affect the dopamine-producing neurons in an area of the brain known as the substantia nigra pars compacta. The neurotransmitter dopamine is produced by neurons in the substantia nigra from DOPA (which is a precursor of melanin) and then is transported along the axons...
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