Kindergarten
What is the right age for a child to enter kindergarten? This paper will delve into that topic, point out the benefits of having a child in kindergarten, and approach the issue of whether mandatory attendance is appropriate.
Kindergarten and Children
There are few issues that are discussed more in early childhood education than the issue of the appropriate age for a child to begin kindergarten. When parents are surveyed about how ready their children are for kindergarten, they raise many questions about their children's need for schooling at a young age. When teachers are interviewed, they identify age as an important factor "…that figures prominently in definitions and beliefs about readiness for kindergarten"; and teachers cite age as a "post hoc explanation for decisions to retain children in kindergarten" (Early Educational Development).
The publication Early Educational Development, a branch of the U.S. Health and Human Services Department, reported on a survey conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development that looked into the appropriate age in which a child should be in kindergarten. Nine hundred children were part of the Study of Early Child Care. The study measured children's academic achievement and socioemotional development were "measured repeatedly" from the age of 54 months through the third grade (EED).
What was learned from an analysis of the research -- with family background factors and "experience in child care in the first 54 months of life controlled" and "hierarchical linear modeling" (the growth curve) -- is that children beginning kindergarten at younger ages "had higher (estimated) scored in Kindergarten on the Woodcock-Johnson (W-J) Letter-Word Recognition subtest" (EED).
However, those children entering kindergarten at younger ages got "lower ratings from kindergarten teachers" on skills relating to mathematical thinking and language and literacy (EED). Moreover, children who entered kindergarten at older ages were reported to have had greater "increases over time on Woodcock-Johnson subtests" (including letter-word recognition; picture vocabulary; applied problems and sentence memory), according to the research article in Early Education Development. By the time they got to third grade, the children that went to kindergarten a bit later in their young lives out-performed children who started at younger ages in picture vocabulary and applied problems (EED).
The article in Early Educational Development goes on to point out that the age in which a child starts kindergarten is seen as "…an index society uses" in terms of a child's eligibility to use public resources -- public schools -- and hence, that index opens up the door to many potential benefits of intellectual stimulation and social growth (EED).
It has been learned that older children to show "more advanced developmental skills than younger children," and so, changes in the age of entry into kindergarten impacts the percentage of children who "meet certain academic or skill standards" (EED). And when a sizable percentages of children excel at standardized tests (or other kinds of testing) that "boosts a [school] district's standing on certain metrics." The authors are likely relating to some of the provisions of the legislation, No Child Left Behind, which required schools and teachers to achieve certain levels of academic testing or lose federal funding.
What age do other countries set for children entering kindergarten?
According to the Early Education Development research, Germany, Japan, Australia, Russia, and Switzerland, the age for entry into kindergarten is six years. In Sweden children aren't able to enter kindergarten until they are 7 years of age; but in England, a child can begin his or her schooling between the ages of 4 and 5 years. In New Zealand, a child starts kindergarten on his or her 5th birthday.
In the United States, most school districts allow children to enter kindergarten at the age of 5, although there are differences from state to state as to exactly when on the calendar a child actually turned five (EED). And the Early Education Development research reports a recent trend for parents in the U.S. And that is to delay their child's entry into kindergarten "…a year beyond the time the child is eligible"; about 10% of American parents are holding their children back by a year, in particular when the child is a male (EDD). This is called "redshirting," a term that was coined in the sports world and means that a parent holds his or her child back for a year. Those parents holding children back generally have children whose 5th birthdays...
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