Its triumphs were one of the major reasons why English is the primary language spoken in air-traffic control towers throughout the globe" (p. 20).
Notwithstanding these early successes, by the late 1980s, though, Pan American was experienced serious financial trouble and sought relief through wage and benefits negotiations with the flight attendant and flight engineer unions (Ruben 1989). By the early 1990s, the writing was on the wall for all to see and Pan American's days were clearly numbered. Based on his analysis of Pan American's demise, Branson (2007) suggests that Trippe was relatively out of touch with the important global events that swirled around him during the early 1990s and failed to respond to these changes in a timely fashion. According to Branson, "Trippe bought too many 747s in the early 1970s. A world oil crisis hit airline travel hard, and his business never recovered. Boeing itself almost went belly-up because of the cost of launching the 747" (2007, 3). Ironically, many of the innovations that Trippe himself introduced were responsible for the airline's downfall. In this regard, Branson concludes that, "Trippe had been a continuous innovator, but the sad irony is that he failed to re-invent his company for the leaner, far more competitive age he had done so much to shape: the age of travel for Everyman. A decade after his death, his airline, substantially dismembered, finally expired in 1991" (2007, 4).
More of a visionary than an executive model for the 21st century, Trippe's 60-year tenure at the helm of Pan American World Airways had mixed results. For example, Branson emphasizes that, "By business school standards, Juan Trippe was not a model chief executive. He didn't delegate well. He made big deals without telling his top managers. He almost single-handedly built a world airline, Pan American, but often acted as if he owned the world. He also had a vision that would change it, at least as regards airline travel. While his Pan Am does not survive today, his vision does" (emphasis added) (2007, 5). Likewise, the historians for Pan American World Airways point out that, "Throughout its life, Pan Am was a pioneer. Most of the services and technology that we take for granted in the aviation industry find their roots in Pan Am. Pan Am built airports, established air navigation systems, trained local nationals, etc., wherever it went" (Pan Am First 2011, 1-2). In sum, this Pan American vision included making air travel an affordable alternative to other modes of transportation, forging thoughtful and well planned routes to international destinations using the best survey information available, and selecting aircraft that were best suited for these routes. Some of the early airline industry innovations with lasting influence that are credited to Pan American World Airways include the events describe in Table 1 below.
Table 1
International Airline Industry Innovations Credited to Pan American World Airways
Description
1927
First American airline to operate a permanent international air service, operate land airplanes over water on a regularly scheduled basis and to operate multi-engine aircraft permanently in scheduled service.
1928
First American airline to use radio communications, to carry emergency lifesaving equipment, to use multiple flight crews, to order and purchase aircraft built to its own specifications (the Sikorsky S-38) and to develop an airport and airways traffic control system.
1929
First American airline to employ cabin attendants and serve meals aloft, to develop and use instrument flight techniques and to develop a complete aviation weather service.
1930
First American airline to offer international air express service.
1932
First airline to sell all-expense international air tours.
1935
First airline to develop and employ long-range weather forecasting, to install facilities for heating food aboard an aircraft, and to operate scheduled transpacific passenger and mail service.
1939
First airline to operate scheduled transatlantic passenger and mail service.
1942
First airline to...
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