Outbreak Management: The SARS Outbreak in Epiville
D. Background of the Epiville SARS Simulation outbreak
The case definition is a list of specific criteria used to decide whether or not one has the disease under investigation. The case definition of the Epiville SARS outbreak is a visitor to, or resident of the Amoy Apartment Complex or a worker at Star Hospital, who has onset of respiratory flu-like symptoms (high fever, cough, difficulty in breathing) from 10th August 2003 to 23rd August, 2003, without other apparent cause. The Epiville General Hospital suspects that the strange disease is the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) although they are yet to conduct diagnostic tests to confirm the same. A clinical case is defined as an acute respiratory illness lasting ? 2 weeks and with onset from 10th August 2003 without other apparent cause for a person living in the Amoy Apartment Complex. A suspected case is a clinical case epidemiologically linked to a clinical case through a common household residency. All other clinical cases are considered probable.
The choice of case definition influences the scope of an outbreak investigation. For instance, if the case definition is too broad, the epidemiologist will include in their investigation all other illnesses that meet the stated clinical criteria (CDC, 2012). On the other hand, if the case definition is too strict, the investigation will only include people confirmed to have the disease (CDC, 2012). In the Epiville outbreak, for instance, the case definition includes both residents of, and visitors to the Amoy Apartments complex - implying that the epidemiologist will have to focus their outbreak investigation on both residents and visitors. On the other hand, if the case definition only considered residents, the investigation would not bother with non-residents and would only focus on the population living within the Complex.
Factors to Consider when Developing a Case Definition
The epidemiologist considers several factors when formulating a case definition. These are:
i) Person – demographic characteristics of the affected population including their age, sex, occupation, and race
ii) The geographical coverage of the suspected outbreak (place) such as the healthcare facility, street, town, or apartment complex
iii) The time representing the onset of illness in days, weeks, months, or years. Delineating the time period helps to exclude similar illnesses that are not related to the outbreak under investigation
iv) The clinical features associated with the illness under investigation, such as symptoms
v) Whether or not confirmatory laboratory tests have been carried out – this helps in grouping cases as either confirmed, probable, or suspected
vi) The aim of the outbreak investigation for which the case definition is developed – for instance, if the aim of the investigation is to know if anyone in a particular area has symptoms of a communicable disease so that they can begin planning on what actions to take, the case definition may be broad to identify all possible cases (CDC, 2012). However, if the aim of the investigation is to determine the causes of an outbreak, a strict case definition may be adopted to ensure that only people confirmed to have the disease are included (CDC, 2012).
Epiville SARS Simulation Outbreak in terms of PPT
Elements
Descriptive Variables
The Epiville Outbreak
Person
Age group, sex, occupation, race, and exclusion criteria of the affected population
The outbreak disproportionately affects older individuals aged over 50
Place
Geographical location
Facility
The outbreak is localized within Amoy Apartment Complex and Star Hospital
Time
Onset of illness
between 10th August 2003 and 23rd August 2003
The Epiville SARS outbreak is localized within the Amoy Apartments complex and Star Hospital, with an onset from 10th August to 23rd August 2003, and disproportionately affects older individuals above the age of 50
Steps in the Epiville SARS Outbreak Investigation
i) Define the epidemic by defining the clinical cases, the population at-risk of illness, and calculating attack rates
ii) Examining the distribution of cases by person, place, and time – the epidemiologist does this by reviewing charts of patients, creating lists of names of patients who have died from the disease to identify the patients’ profile, including their residence and age group.
iii) Look for combinations/interactions of relevant variables
iv) Developing hypotheses about the cause of the illness based on existing knowledge of the disease and relationships to diseases whose etiology is known
v) Testing the hypotheses through conduction of an appropriately-designed study and collection of additional data if necessary
vi) Recommend control and management measures such as quarantine, isolation, and public sensitization on prevention and control
E. Summarize the techniques used in the Epiville SARS Simulation outbreak investigation
Surveillance Methods used to Ascertain Cases
Surveillance is the continuous collection and analysis of data on cases that is not necessarily followed by subsequent action. Surveillance methods used to ascertain cases include:
i) Review of case records including centralized disease registries and hospital discharge notes
ii) Microbial laboratory monitoring
iii) Hospital reporting of confirmed cases to the Department of Health
iv) Physical counts and visits to the Amoy Apartment Complex
v) Periodic telephone calls to healthcare facilities/individuals/laboratories
Number of Suspect and Probable Cases
References
CDC (2012). Lesson 1: Introduction to Public Health, Center for Diseases control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section5.html
Giesecke, J. (2017). Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
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The easiest way that the disease can be passed is: by having someone who was exposed to these symptoms interacting with the general public. This is when an infected person could easily spread the disease from one person to the next. as, their coughing and flu like symptoms will cause no one take notice of these effects. This makes it more likely that they will expose others during the incubation
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This could include symptoms such as, Coughing Throat irritation Pain, burning, or discomfort in the chest when taking a deep breath Chest tightness, wheezing, or shortness of breath (Health Effects of Ozone in the General Population) References Health Effects of Ozone in the General Population. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/apti/ozonehealth/population.html Kamps B. And Hoffmann C. SARS Reference: Epidemiology. Retrieved from http://www.sarsreference.com/sarsref/epidem.htm Key Measures for SARS Preparedness and Response. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/guidance/core/keymeasures.htm Markey M. SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Retrieved from http://www.safetyissues.com/site/health/sars_severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome.html Meng
(Who issues global, 2003). The impact and seriousness of the SARS epidemic proves that population health technology needs more attention. This includes the Internet, wireless devices, and mobile/smart phones. In the event of another outbreak, a bioterrorism attack, or even a serious public health emergency, these devices help gather, detect, and communicate information to a global audience that has a greater chance of working collaboratively to find a cure, vaccine,
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