In the 19th century, the idea and definition of rights was extended by calls for social and economic rights that came on the tail of rapid industrialization. This new era of rights was based upon the utilitarian idea of obtaining the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This included a discussion of property ownership, both private and common, and the ideas of public of rights and private responsibility (Nuncio).
By the 21st-century, the idea of rights has been transformed into a global political order based on constitutionalism and positive legalism. In a climate that supported the international will to maintain peace, the world's nations largely adopted a single agreement to ensure such rights. This agreement, the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, was adopted in December of 1948 (Nuncio). This Declaration included provisions for both rights of nations, and the rights of individuals (Human Rights Web; a Summary). Declaration to upon the fundamental philosophical idea that there is each really universal moral code that is applicable across nations and cultures (Fagan). Notes Fagan, this universal moral order is based on a "legitimacy (that) precedes contingent social and historical conditions and applies to all human beings everywhere and at all times."
In 1976, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights became international law, after being ratified by 35 states. This marked and new and unprecedented move in legislating rights in the international arena (Human Rights Web; a Summary). Today, international human rights tribunals commonly attempt to ascertain whether governments or individuals have violated this Declaration, and have the power to assess penalties for such violations.
Today, the discussion of rights continues within the philosophical community. Contemporary philosophers like Rawls argue that several principles of justice are self evident, while Frohich argues that the principles, as outlined by Rawls, actually have little support (Sened).
Interestingly, Sened takes a fundamentally different approach to the origin of rights. He argues that the rights that we enjoy in modern society do not have their real basis in fundamental principles of justice, as we often assume. Instead, he argues that such rights "evolved as institutional remedies to social dilemmas arising...
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