Despite the awareness, oral reading fluency is a neglected aspect of the classroom (Allington, 1983). Therefore, according to Fluency for Everyone, written by Rasinski, "It seems clear that students need frequent opportunities to see and hear fluent reading. Since the most fluent reader in the classroom is the teacher, the teacher should be the primary model" (1989).
The method of auditory modeling can be used in several ways. Auditory modeling can dramatically improve fluency among readers (Dowhower, 1986). She says, "Auditory or oral modeling may be the most powerful of all techniques in encouraging prosodic reading." Prosodic reading can be described as reading with voice inflection and expression. Dowhower believes that modeling oral reading strategies can show the reader where to pause, change voice pitch and which words to stress. Short discussions to your students about oral reading strategies could heighten students' awareness about their own reading (Rasinski, 1989).
What does learning theory say about modeling oral reading fluency?
Lev Vygotsky, a well-known psychologist has analyzed a number of studies to help develop his theories of thought and language. Vygotsky was influenced by the writings of Piaget to help form his theories of thought, speech, and word meaning. In his book, Thought and Language, he addresses that the language has many functions and the primary function of speech is communication (1962). He also adds that language does not depend on sound, but its functional use of signs. Therefore, the written form of language is equally as important as speech. The written language is the most elaborate form of language. There are stages that children must pass through to develop their thinking of the formation of language. Developing the six crucial elements of oral reading strategies could be considered a vital development in becoming effective fluent decoders. Since learning depends on development, effective instruction can further facilitate the knowledge in reading. Modeling oral reading strategies involves opportunities for social interaction. Social interaction is important to Vygotsky because the expert can model the appropriate solution, assist in finding a solution, and then monitor the student's progress as they discover learning (Tharpe & Gallimore, 1998).
The work of Ardoin, Daly, and Martens (2002) reports that two antecedent oral reading interventions that research has shown as effective as "passage preview and repeated readings." (p.272) Passage previous is reported to make the provision to students with the opportunity to listen to or read a passage before instruction. It is indicated in research that passage preview is effective in increasing oral reading fluency in students who experience difficulties in reading. Repeated readings are such that require the student to repeatedly read a passage, which is stated to increase the students' "reading accuracy, fluency, and intrapassage comprehension" of the student. (Ardoin, Daly, and Martens, 2002, p.272) The work of LaBerge and Samuels (1974) reported a "strong correlation between oral reading fluency and reading comprehension." (Abram, nd, p. 10) Research indicates that "repeated oral reading practices lead to improvement in oral reading fluency." (Abram, nd, p.10) It is claimed in the work of Goering and Baker (2010) and Rasinski et al. (2005) that oral reading "is an important part of skilled reading." (Abram, nd, p.11) The work of Rasinski and Hoffman (2003) and Roundy (2009) demonstrates a "correlation between oral reading fluency and comprehension." (Abram, nd, p. 11) Five critical components to reading acquisition among children are reported to include: (1) phonemic awareness; (2) phonics; (3) fluency; (4) vocabulary; and (5) comprehension. (Abram, nd, p.11) It is reported that research has demonstrated that Readers Theatre is an instructional practice that effectively develops fluency in student's reading while bringing about an increase in the self-confidence of struggling readers. Readers Theatre is described as a means to involve students in the oral reading of a text and for preparing students in reading performance in front of an audience. Readers Theater involves the requirement for students to practice reading a script repeatedly and an authentic reason for rereading the script. Readers Theater does not require costumes, props or actions, but instead only requires facial expressions or gestures. The work of Keehn et al. (2008) states that since Readers Theater involves active coaching by the teacher and the provision of direction "for expressiveness during rehearsal" that it offers "the modeling that is important to fluency development." (Abram, nd, p. 12) Flynn (2004) reports that Readers Theater 'is more interesting to perform and watch when the dialogue is emphasized by appropriate movements such as hand waving, pointing fingers, shrugs, raised fists, scratched heads, snapping fingers, or wiped brows." (Abram, nd, p.15) Research has indicated...
There is also the question of what approach should be used in a given setting. For instance, Lewis-Moreno points out that, "A great deal of energy is expended selecting and defending the model used: Should it be late- or early-exit bilingual, dual language, or English immersion?" (2007, p. 773). Although complex problems require complex solutions, a common theme that runs through the relevant literature concerns the need to use
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