Oppositional Defiant Disorder
The symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder as identified by the DSM have changed from DSM-4 to DSM-5. However, there has been some criticism of the new manual by physicians and psychologists, who lament the fact that Big Pharma played a substantial role in producing the manual. This point will be discussed later in the paper. For now, the symptoms as described in DSM-4 were: a demonstrated pattern (6 months or more) of negative and defiant behavior, including at least 4 of the following activities: frequent loss of temper, arguing with elders, refusal to conform to rules of elders, deliberately annoying, places blame for faults on others, testy, full of disrespect and scorn, full of spite and a desire to "get even." Furthermore, this behavior should impair the individual's ability to function socially, academically and/or occupationally, and these behaviors should be exhibited in ordinary situations -- not just during a mood or psychotic disorder. The individual should also not be diagnosed as having conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
DSM-5 has refined these symptoms still further. The symptoms are grouped by type and range: "angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness" (American...
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