Object Oriented Programming
The programming language that is organized around data rather than actions, and objects instead of actions is referred to as object oriented programming Mitchell, 2003.
A program has always been viewed as a logical procedure which accepts input data, processes the data, and produces some output. Object oriented programming was developed out of the need to write the logic instead of how to define the data. In object oriented programming the objects that the programmer wants to manipulate take center stage and not the required logic of manipulating the objects. An object is defined as a composition of nouns like strings, variables or numbers and verbs like functions. A program that is object oriented is a collection of objects that are interacting. A conventional program model was viewed as a list of tasks that the program was required to perform. Each of the objects used in OOP has the capability to process, receive and send messages to the other objects. The objects used in OOP are all viewed as independent and with distinct roles.
The popularity of OOP was mainly because of its simplicity in writing code, and it is easy for programmers to understand. Its adoption by many software development companies was because of its power and simplicity. Using abstraction, encapsulation, and polymorphism has helped programmers in managing their code and reducing program complexity. Data modeling is the first step in OOP. This stage allows the programmer to define and identify the objects that they want to manipulate and the way the objects will relate with each other.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is defined as the placing of data and its operands in the same class. Encapsulation allows the programmer to hide information from other people Bruce, 2002.
This usually occurs by using the word "private" before the component. This way the programmer will be able to prevent other people from changing his implementations behavior. The concept of placing the private keyword is used for classes like link list, heap, and array. In many scenarios, people do not need to know how the classes are implemented, but they have to be included in the program. Using encapsulation more details can be added to the code and the additions will not affect the private classes/sections of the code. Using encapsulation an object's internal representation is hidden from view by the objects outside its definition. Therefore, it is the object's own methods that can manipulate or directly inspect its fields. Encapsulation has the benefit of reducing a program's complexity and increases its robustness, which allows the developer to limit the interdependencies of the software components.
Inheritance
Inheritance is a concept of OOP where a new class uses the implementation of another already defined class. Inheritance allows the reuse of existing code without the need for modification, but a little modification can be performed Craig, 2007.
Inheritance can also be defined as a way of establishing relationships between objects. In a situation where objects are defined by classes, the classes can inherit behavior and attributes from existing classes, which are referred to as parent classes or base classes. The classes resulting from inheritance are referred to as subclasses or child classes. Inheritance is used to show hierarchy between classes. Using inheritance a programmer is able to reduce the amount of code used as there will not be any replication required. Inheritance will allow for code reusability.
Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability to create a function, object, or variable that has many forms. This is the ability of substituting a class for another. Using polymorphism different classes can have the same method name, but they will all return different results because they all have different codes in their methods. Without having to understand the object type polymorphism is a great way of communicating between objects.
Procedural programming vs. Object oriented programming
Procedural programming focuses mainly on the actions or procedures that will take place within the program. A procedure call is one of the concepts in procedural programming. A procedure normally contains some list of instructions that will be carried out by the program. The procedure can be called by the program at any time by another procedure. Examples of procedural languages are Pascal and C. OOP focuses on solving the problem in terms of real-world elements. It also represents the problem as objects and object behavior. An object is a data structure that contains methods and data fields, which represent behaviors of real-world objects and attributes. Examples of OOP languages are C# and Java. These programs can also be used in procedural programming.
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