Nursing Profession: Nursing Education
Quality initiatives, magnet status, and patient safety require that nurses practice on the basis of professionalism at all times. Owing to the rapid changes in practice and knowledge facing the profession, the specialty of school nursing has embarked on efforts to articulate its value in the educational arena. The specialty and the profession are maturing, and nurses are beginning to make their scopes of practice, and roles more clear. Changes in demand and expectations have, however, spurred a shortage of qualified nurse educators, which is threatening to destabilize the quality of care. The nurse educator role requires that an individual undergoes preparation (specialized), and be actively involved in the implementation of strategies "that will serve to retain a qualified nurse educator workforce" (NLN, 2002). However, the looming crisis is impacting on this course of action; the gap between work hours and resources is widening, impacting negatively on job satisfaction, and pushing nurse educators to reexamine their values in search of meaning and balance in the work setting. The only sure way for one to maintain professionalism, and ensure that their practice remains in harmony with their value system is to have a personal philosophy.
The Background and Significance of Nursing Education
The nurse educator role mandates one to integrate professional education and the liberal arts in the advancement of nursing education as well as in the conduction of pedagogical research (McAllister, 2012). The National League for Nursing (NLN) asserts that "nurse educators are the key resource in preparing a nursing workforce that will provide quality care to meet" the population's healthcare needs (n.pag). Nurse educators essentially practice in clinical and academic backdrops, and ought to display competence and professionalism in their core areas of responsibility, which are; i) the professional development of nurses; ii) the graduate preparation of nurses for the roles of scholar, leader, advanced generalist, and advanced practitioner; and iii) the preparation of baccalaureate generalists for the provision of direct and indirect care, and the coordination of that care (Robinson, Jagim & Ray, 2004).
Nursing Education and the Meta-Paradigms of the Profession
Every discipline has meta-paradigm concepts, representing its global perspective, and acting as "an encapsulating unit, or framework, within which the more restricted structures develop" (Masters, 2014, p. 48). The nursing profession is governed by four central concepts; nursing, heath, environment, and person.
Nursing: Nursing can be defined as an intellectual disciple, humanistic science, and art of informed caring (Masters, 2014). Informed caring, to this end, forms the basis of nursing, and is represented as a nurturing way of interacting with people toward whom one is professionally committed. In this context, nursing exists as a discipline that assists persons to achieve quality of life, well-being, and health by directing its integrated and diverse elements in a person-centered way (Masters, 2014; Robinson, Jagim & Ray, 2004).
Health: McAllister (2012) points out that the term 'health' derives its basis from the word 'whole', and that it represents a person's multidimensional nature. In this regard, the different dimensions of person interconnect harmoniously to give rise to well-being and health (McAllister, 2012). These dimensions are further influenced by the culture and society within which an individual lives, which then implies that an individual's health is dependent upon a number of internal as well as external features. Persons influence their well-being and health through their life choices. However, everyone has a right to take part in decisions that, in one way or another, have an effect/impact on their health and well-being, as well as quality of life - including in decision-prevention and the promotion of healthy living.
Environment: environment collectively covers all local and global features that influence health-related behaviors and overall well-being (Masters, 2014). This concept of environment provides nurses with the framework for understanding the effect of external components on the well-being of persons. The nurse's role is to facilitate the creation of a health-friendly environment. However, in order to do this, they must first understand how features such as resources, beliefs and values, and individual and family relationships influence a person's physical living space. This calls for the development of inter-professional collaboration with persons, with the aim of optimizing the management of each individual's needs in a cost-effective manner.
Person: refers to the client, who could be an individual, a family, a community, a population, or a system. The concept of person covers the bio-physical, psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual dimensions brought into an interaction by a person. To this end, person is at the center of care, and is the nurse's key to understanding the effects of the various health-influencing factors,...
Its goal is to support the movement of the person towards optimum well-being. The nurse, therefore, interacts with the person as a collaborative leader in four roles; the professional role, the inter-professional collaborator role, the provider of direct and indirect care, and the care coordinator role (Redman et al., 1999).
The health interaction is defined by an ethical framework that appreciates diversity and incorporates the law, professional ethics, advocacy, and moral concepts. The nurse implements a facilitative process of leadership to assist the person in the management and prevention of disease, health restoration, and in the promotion of healthy living behaviors (Redman, Lenburg & Walker, 1999; McAllister, 2012). This leadership is demonstrated by a willingness to identify and address complex problems in a person-centered and ethical manner (Masters, 2014). The nurse's knowledge is derived from aesthetic, personal, and empirical ways of knowing, and is built on a strong professional service, clinical competency, and liberal arts foundation (Redman et al., 1999).
At the Graduate Level: the nurse uses the baccalaureate foundation to instill conceptualization skills and higher-level thinking, with the aim of getting the person to implement systems change (Redman, Lenburg & Walker, 1999). Nurses at the Masters level are prepared to design person-centered care approaches and implement change through inter-professional collaboration and research evidence (Redman et al., 1999). They use scientific knowledge to optimize health, while taking into account the complex dimensions of information management, organizational structure, finance, and policy (Redman et al., 1999).
Transformational leadership is the professional relationship between the nurse and the person, as the two interact in four advanced professional roles; the role of contributor to the profession; the role of inter-professional collaborator; the role of coordinator, manager and designer of systems; and the provider of direct and indirect complex care (Redman, Lenburg & Walker, 1999). In their transformational leadership role, the nurse advocates for, implements and evaluates change towards promoting an environment that challenges, and at the same time supports the person in transforming their visions into reality (Redman, 1999). To this end, the nurse values each person's contribution to the delivery of care and exemplifies behaviors that lead to quality improvement, while establishing a climate of open communication to facilitate advocacy (Redman, 1999).
The Problem
Concern has been raised "about the number of faculty available to teach in our nursing programs, and the extent to which those individuals have been adequately prepared for the role" (NLM, 2002). Currently, the number of nursing programs is approximately 3,500, with around 2,500 nursing schools, and a population of approximately 500,000 students (Resop Reilly, Fargen & Walker-Daniels, 2011). With the projected nurses' shortfall and the increasing healthcare needs of the diverse, aging Baby Boomer generation, schools will be forced to increase their enrollment by up to one-third of the current student population (Resop Reilly, Fargen & Walker-Daniels, 2011). This could see the student population in nursing courses hit 700,000 over the next half-decade.
Using a 10:1 (student to faculty member) ratio, the number of fully engaged members of the faculty required would be 70,000. Empirical figures suggest that we currently have around 70% of this number, at roughly 48,670 nurse educators (Siela, Twibell & Keller, 2009). Worryingly, the supply of qualified nurse educators is shrinking significantly for three major reasons; a significant number of retiring members of faculty, most of whom were qualified educators; fewer opportunities with regard to the number of graduate programs offering nursing education specialties; and declining graduate program enrolments (Siela, Twibell & Keller, 2009; Resop Reilly, Fargen & Walker-Daniels, 2011).
The number of faculty-role enrolments in master's programs, for instance, fell from 3,026 (9.9% of total enrolment in nursing education) to 1,229 (4%) between 1993 and 1999; while that of graduates in nursing education dropped from 755 (9.5% of those graduating) to 247 or 2.5% (NLM, 2002).
The number of doctoral-prepared nurse educators has also not been at par with program demands. In 1993, a total of 2,751 students enrolled in the 54 doctoral programs in nursing, and 381 graduated from the same (NLM, 2002). In 1999, the number of doctoral programs was 72; the enrolment rose to 3,359 but the number of those graduating fell slightly to 375 (NLM, 2002). The implication is that besides having minimal chances…
