If no one is available to do the prompting, the patient's death may be needlessly prolonged. The amount to which the nephrologist takes on end-of-life care will be reflected in their approach to the patient. At one end of the spectrum, discomfort with dying can lead to passivity, where the nephrologist serves purely passive role, overseeing dialysis and focusing on fluid and electrolyte balance. At the other end, the nephrologist can be seen as taking a leading role in end of life care (Siegler, Del Monte, Rosati, and von Gunten, 2002).
Chronic diseases are now thought to be the leading causes of death around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that there were approximately 58 million deaths worldwide in 2005, with 35 million of these being caused by chronic disease. In many developed countries CVD and cancer are thought to be the leading causes of death. The WHO report has called for governments to provide leadership in addressing the projected continued increase in deaths due to chronic diseases (Levey, Atkins, Coresh, Cohen, Collins, Eckardt, Nahas, Jaber, Jadoul, Levin, Powe11, Rossert, Wheeler, Lameire, and Eknoyan, 2007).
It has been discussed that there is a need for CKD public policy programs in developed and developing countries. In some countries, the frequency of kidney failure due to some type of CKD is leveling off and even declining. This is thought to be due to early detection and treatment. Although the incidence of kidney failure varies considerably throughout the world, the number of patients and the cost of providing dialysis and transplantation continue to go up. Very few countries have policies in place for CKD and most are unaware of the high prevalence, its contribution to other diseases, or its economic burden. Prevention, early detection and intervention are thought to be the more cost-effective strategies for fighting CKD (Levey, Atkins, Coresh, Cohen, Collins, Eckardt, Nahas, Jaber, Jadoul, Levin, Powe11, Rossert, Wheeler, Lameire, and Eknoyan, 2007).
It is felt that there is a need for CKD publicity campaigns that are aimed at increasing the community's awareness of CKD and its adverse impact on people's health. There is a tremendous need to emphasize the need for programs that target high risk groups for early detection and best care plans in high risk groups. All CKD programs should be established and pursued in a joint fashion with diabetes and cardiovascular disease because they so often overlap. It is also essential that there is a national monitoring program in order to watch the incidence and prevalence of CKD in order to help focus on its reduction (Report Backs Need for Political Parties to Upgrade Chronic Kidney Disease Policy. (2009).
There also needs to be a plan developed for education directed at health care professionals about the advantages and methods of early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of CKD and its complications. A plan needs to be developed to educate health care professionals and individuals with CKD about the advantages and options for early renal replacement therapy. And recommendations need to be made on the implementation of a cost-effective plan for early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of CKD (Addressing Chronic Kidney Disease in Texas, 2009).
GFR is a central measure of kidney function that can be estimated through a calculation that is based on serum creatinine levels and patient demographics, such as age, gender, body size, and ethnicity. Estimated GFR (eGFR) is known as a simple, cost effective method that can be used to assess the progression of kidney disease. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases conducted at survey in which it found that 38% of labs automatically report eGFR, with the highest reporting coming from high volume labs and the lowest from low-volume independent labs, particularly those that are located in physician offices. Implementation of automatic eGFR reporting can dramatically increase early detection and intervention which will help to impede disease progression of this disease. It is also helpful as an annual measure in order to help manage patient care. It has been recommended that there be education of clinical laboratory professionals in order to promote calculation and reporting of eGFR with all serum creatinine determinations for individuals 18 years and older (Addressing Chronic Kidney Disease in Texas, 2009).
The incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease is an ever growing national public health issue. Those who are diagnosed with this disease more often than not end up with ESRD as it progresses along. Once this happens the treatment options are limited to dialysis or transplant. When talking about the elderly populations that have CKD the likely hood of transplant...
Elderly Care in America: A comparison with England's Healthcare System Healthcare in America vs. Healthcare in England Different countries have varying healthcare systems across the world and the systems are set to benefit the local population with the best possible care as would be dictated by the budgetary allocations and supported by the economy and the GDP of the particular nations. There are different sections of the healthcare system that try to
Dorothea Orem Nursing Theory A theory is related concepts, and propositions used to guide a professional practice. Moreover, nursing theory serves as the interrelated concepts, predictive in nature, statement explanatory that assists in understanding the nursing phenomenon, which helps to explain and predict the nursing outcomes. Nursing theory is an organized body of knowledge used to explain the phenomena and supporting the nursing practice. Moreover, the nursing theory is defined
" (AAFP, nd) The Health Maintenance Organization further should "…negotiate with both public and private payers for adequate reimbursement or direct payment to cover the expenses of interpreter services so that they can establish services without burdening physicians…" and the private industry should be "…engaged by medical organizations, including the AAFP, and patient advocacy groups to consider innovative ways to provide interpreter services to both employees and the medically underserved." (AAFP,
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act/Impact of ACA from the Organizational and the Patients view Impact of the Affordable Care act (ACA) on the population that it affected Impact of the economics of providing care to patients from the organization's point-of-view How will patients be affected in relationship to cost of treatment, quality of treatment, and access to treatment? Ethical implications of this act for both the organization and the patients Impact of the Affordable
In an acute care setting, such Veterans Affairs, this objective is executed by educating patients about how to maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle after the leave the facility, while in a long-term care setting-such as Cobble Hill-this objective is executed on a daily basis by providing nutritious meals for elderly residents. And finally, in an ambulatory, out-patient care setting-such as Atlantic -- the clinical nutritionist works to support
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