Nursing Theorist: Sr. Roy Adaptation Model
The Roy Adaptation model for Nursing had its beginning when Sister Callista Roy happened to get admitted in the Masters Program of pediatric nursing in the University of California, Los Angeles, in the year 1964. At that time, Sr. Callista was familiar with the idea of 'adaptation' in nursing, and it must be mentioned that Sr. Callista's adviser at that time was Dorothy E. Johnson, who believed firmly in the need to define nursing as a means of focusing the development of knowledge, for the practice of nursing. When Sr. Callista Roy started working with children in the pediatric ward of the hospital, she was quite impressed with the basic resiliency of the small children who had been admitted into the wards for treatment. This was why when the first seminar in pediatric nursing was called for; Sr. Callista Roy proposed that the basic goal of nursing must be to promote patient adaptation. (The Roy Adaptation Model, History)
This idea was accepted, and Dorothy E. Johnson, Sr. Callista Roy's mentor, encouraged her to develop on this theory of adaptation, and create a basic framework for nursing based on this very concept. The use of 'systems theory' as had been defined by Von Bertalanffy was an important early concept of the model, as was the work of Helson who had earlier defined adaptation as a process of responding in a positive manner to all types of changes in the environment, including three important types of stimuli, which were: focal, contextual, and residual. Sr. Callista Roy made appropriate adaptations of this theory and others and used them to describe the situations of sick and ill people, as well as for healthy people free of diseases. Dohrenwend, Lazarus, Mechanic, and Selye were a few others who influenced Sr. Callista Roy in her adaptation theory of nursing. Gradually, during the 1970's, this particular model started to become the primary operating model for a nursing based integrated curriculum in Mount St. Mary's College, in Los Angeles. By the year 1987, more than 100,000 nurses had been educated based on this system, and by this time, humanist values had also been included into the Roy Adaptation Model.
However, by the time it was the end of the 1990's, Sr. Callista Roy felt that she had to re define adaptation as such, and for this purpose, she drew upon other previously existing insights on relating the varied concepts of spirituality and science so that a new definition of adaptation could be created, which would be based on philosophical as well as scientific assumptions, and this is what was presented. When taken philosophically, it was Sister Roy's opinion that all nurses saw the patient as somebody who was actually co existing with the prevalent physical and social environment, and that nurse scholars generally adopted a value-based view that was in fact deeply rooted in the beliefs and the hopes of an average human being, and therefore developed a discipline that would primarily enhance the well being of the same people. In fact, Sister Callista Roy has at times, even used the term 'cosmic unity' to describe the manner in which human beings and the Earth have certain commonalities, like for example, some general common patterns, and also some mutuality of relations. What this actually meant was that all individuals who are able to think and feel for themselves, and whose basic ideas and concepts are firmly rooted in consciousness and in meaning, are responsible and accountable for deriving, and then for sustaining and also transforming the very universe. (The Roy Adaptation Model, History)
According to Polit and Henderson, Roy's Adaptation Theory is about human beings being basically 'biopsychosocial adaptive systems' who are fully capable at all times of coping with various environmental changes through a simple process of adaptation. (Models and Theories of Nursing, Callista Roy's Adaptation Model) It has often been stated that Sr. Callista Roy's Adaptation model has been extremely useful in nursing practice, in research and in evaluation, and in administration as well. The model consists basically of four domain concepts of person, health, environment, and nursing, and it consist of a six step nursing process for the patient. According to Andrew and Roy, 1991, the meaning of 'person' here can refer to one single individual, or to a group of individuals. The basic idea is that a person or an individual, is a biopsychosocial being who is always in constant touch with the environment...
Nursing Theorists The objective of this study is to identify, describe, research and apply the concepts of a specific nursing theorist and compare and contrast it to other nursing theorists. As well, this work in writing will provide examples of clinical situations from personal nursing practice that illustrates the concepts and application of the framework and will describe these in ways that serve to illustrate and clarify the use of the
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