Computer Networking
In today's society, more people and businesses rely on computers and networks to store vital information and technology.
Networking is the process of moving information via computers rather than via any other medium, such as paper media or mere human communication. In addition to sharing information via networks, computers can share hardware, e.g., laser printers, and software in the networking process. This can save businesses and individuals large sums of money.
The computers or devices on a network are often referred to as "nodes."
To visualize a network, the easiest image is that of two computers hooked together by a cable, transmitting information between the two machines.
There are actually a variety of kinds of networks, e.g., local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).
LAN is a relatively localized network:
LAN is a high-speed data network that covers a relatively small geographic area. It typically connects workstations, personal computers, printers, servers, and other devices. LANs offer computer users many advantages, including shared access to devices and applications, file exchange between connected users, and communication between users via electronic mail and other applications."
By contrast, a wide area network is a less centralized network, allowing computers that are located in remote locations to be connected. In essence, a WAN is:
group of devices located remotely and connected via some electronic means, i.e. telephone system, satellite link, etc. What this really means is a large group of computers linked together via hardware and software in an unlimited area. This network may be across town, between cities or between continents. Generally, the network has one or more LANs containing servers for file and print applications, printers for document output and a number of workstations for the end users. All of these resources are normally physically connected locally via some form of cable (i.e. coaxial, twisted pair, etc.) to a hub and/or router which is then connected to a telephone system, satellite link or other form of electronic transmission."
II. Home Networks, Intranets, and the Internet
Three different kinds of networks -- the home network, intranets, and the Internet -- will now be discussed. The home network is the simplest of the networks to be discussed, and the Internet connects the widest range of people. The corporate "intranet" is built on the same technology as the Internet. However, an intranet is designed to be utilized for a company's internal purposes.
A. Home Networks home network essentially allows individuals to link together all of the computers in their home. A home network can allow a family to save money on multiple peripherals such as printers and fax machines and allow the family to access all of the computers and software stored within the computers linked in the household.
In addition, "one of the most compelling reasons to set up a home network is that everyone can be on the Internet at the same time."
More than half of the homes in the United States have a computer, and a significant number of those have more than one computer in the household. (International Data Corp.) Therefore, home networking is becoming increasingly common and beneficial in the United States.
However, as is the case with larger networks, there are security risks associated with home networks, especially with "always on" broadband Internet services such as DSL and cable modems. Common forms of security attacks include email spoofing, Trojan horses, and email born viruses.
Therefore, home users must weigh the benefits and risks of setting up a home networking system. Relatively simply ways of protecting the security of a network include building a firewall to protect internal computers and servers, using virus protection software, making routine backups of crucial data, and turning off the network when it is not being used.
The Internet
By far, however, the largest and most global network is the Internet. Most people do not think of the Internet as a network, but it is the most wide-reaching and revolutionary type of network that exists today.
The Internet is built using underlying network protocols called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP).
TCP and IP were designed by the United States Department of Defense to connect a multitude of different networks.
Today, these are the network protocols used worldwide to connect people via the Internet:
The TCP/IP protocol suite has become the de facto standard for computer communications in today's networked world.
The protocols can be run on multiple hardware platforms...
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