The human stress response is influenced by a host of personality characteristics and life experiences that cannot be duplicated in animal studies. (Anisman & Merali, 1999, p. 241)
Because stressful stimuli often elicit cortisol secretion, some researchers have proposed the use of cortisol levels as an index of the stress response. (Anisman & Merali, 1999, p. 241)
Researchers have indicated that human and animal anxiety/stress profiles differ along cognitive behavioral lines. These findings are based on the idea that anxiety is understood as an affective (emotional) state in humans (Wall & Messier, 2001). Research was conducted regarding stress utilizing Rhesus monkeys. The study uses a hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which was injected into half of the pregnant Rhesus monkeys in the study. ACTH is secreted from the anterior pituitary in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. It is secreted in response to various types of stress. Blood samples were collected from the controls and ACTH treated females to evaluate the effect of the injections at 1 and 2 weeks. The samples were obtained 4 hours after the injection, and the cortisol levels elicited on the final day of the 2-week treatment show ACTH markedly elevated adrenal activity in the pregnant female; the very high cortisol levels were comparable after both morning and afternoon injections. The saline control females continued to have normal, baseline levels of cortisol for this stage of pregnancy, and evinced the expected diurnal rhythm, with higher cortisol during the morning and lower titers in the early evening. (Lewis & Ramsay, 1999, p. 24) the research concluded that gestational length did not vary and pregnancies went normal to term.
It was further determined that after the ACTH treatment, repeated, acute stress during pregnancy resulted in the birth of infants with significantly poorer neuromotor responses. Therefore, researchers are able to state that prenatal treatment does affect the fetus. Both animal and human research directed at the effects of physical and psychological stress during pregnancy has further reinforced the notion of a vulnerable fetus (Field, McCabe, & Schneiderman, 1985, p. 162). Field & field (1991), report that a newborn assessment such as the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale usually involves reflex testing and repositioning of the infant, handling that has been noted to be stressful for the preterm...
As the mentioned societies characterized themselves for athleticism, power and strength so it was not a surprising thing that those people looked down on and hated babies who were weak, dependent and immature. Thus, an individual child was given importance on the basis of his likable future contributions to the society as a mature adult. Regrettably, no rules and regulations and laws were there that prohibited people from murdering
There are remedies (albeit not easy ones for the individuals involved), as suggested by the research. However, and this is very important, the current public health approaches that the Saudi government has taken, as Mabrey et al. (2010) note, have focused fairly narrowly on medical approaches. This focus includes research that has been conducted on metabolic syndrome (which is caused primarily by being overweight). This is caused by clear-cut factors
In the twenty-first century, women should have easy access to available resources to assist them in their pregnancy. In addition, available technology to detect difficulties during pregnancies is widespread in the medical field; however, disadvantaged women in Atlanta, Georgia do not benefit from these resources. Each year, maternal care expands in resources and knowledge. Equipped physicians can diagnose birth defects long before a mother gives birth. Absurdly, poor twenty-first
This large number was selected to ensure that the power of statistical tests used in the study is of sufficient power to draw valid conclusions. It is expected that given the sensitive nature of the subject, there will be large numbers of selected participants who will decide not to participate, will drop out, or whose parents will not sign the consent form. All participants selected will be taken from
I will create a study plan to enable me to balance work, home, and school demands and involve my family with this plan. To enhance my attractiveness as a candidate for employment I will continue to add to my professional areas of expertise. I will obtain additional certification in CMC (Certification in Cardiac Medicine) and CCRN (Certification for Adult, Pediatric and Neonatal Critical Care Nurses). Present what you need or want
When this takes place the cause is believed to be a vasculature that is abnormally remodeled and that develops incorrectly in utero, generally in response to pulmonary hypertension, hypoxia, or prolonged fetal stress. In these cases peripheral and excessive muscularization of many of the pulmonary arterioles is often seen. PPHN has also been commonly associated with hypoplasia of the lungs, which is seen generally in congenital diaphragmatic hernias. The
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