¶ … 1930's, Germany was plagued by unemployment and stagnant growth despite efforts by the administration to alleviate the country's economic difficulties. The economic liberalization of the banking system was one of few cautionary steps taken by administrations prior to Hitler to boost Germany's failing industries. This all changed following the Nazi rise to power; two notable banking acts passed in 1934 and 1936 effectively converted the banking system into Hitler's personal lender, allowing him to replace commercial borrowing with the various savings institutes that would allow him to re-build the German army. In this period, wages were frozen and the armaments business boomed, while individuals suffered as wages were frozen at their pre-Hitler-era rate. Meanwhile, the government was able to continue to borrow money from Germany's isavings banks to contribute to the building of the military.
A series of banking reforms had been started under Chancellor Papen that lead to a brief recovery in Germany's industry. The Nazis first gained prominence in the 1930 election when they increased their seats in the Reichstag from 12 to 107. Their numbers in the Reichstag almost doubled in the election of July 1932. However, their numbers suffered in the second election of 1932, in November, garnering 33 per cent instead of 37 per cent of the vote and reducing their representation in the Reichstag from 230 to 196 seats (Hamilton, 1982; Childers, 1983). Further economic improvement could have cost the Nazis more, but few argue that the recovery could have been sustained: the instability of politics mirrored the instability of the economy.
Hitler began by attempting an ambitions expansion of credit in order to finance a programme of public works and rearmament. Many contend that Hitler came to power as the trade cycle in Germany appeared to be turning in a favourable direction, although others believe the 1932 recovery to have been small and not universal. Hitler was able to take over certain relief measures with which a beginning had been made by the two previous chancellors, von Schleicher and von Papen.
However, Hitler made it his priority to deal with the problem of unemployment, specifically by keeping salaries low. But Hitler made a much greater effort on the widest front to deal with unemployment. He outlined his first Four-Year plan in May of 1933. A law for the reduction of unemployment on 2 June soon followed this. This plan allowed the government to re-create demands for industry by buying munitions and other weaponry. New public expenditures somewhat mirrored the Roosevelt administration; they included the issue of special employment-creation bills that appropriated unemployed workers to public works such as housing, roads, the development of agricultural and suburban settlement, river regulation, and public utilities. In addition to direct measures for creating employment such as these, there were also indirect measures that operated by stimulating private enterprise to undertake work which would involve increased employment. Infrastructure -related private expenditure was freed from taxes; such projects included the replacement and renewal of equipment in industry and agriculture. Such concessions were extended later to apply to all capital expenditure. Income tax relief was even allowed for the employment of domestic servants -- these being treated as an addition to the taxpayer's family.
However, the recovery did not resume in early 1933; only after dramatic changes were taken was it able to repair the damage to the political fabric caused by the social and political effects of extensive unemployment. Many argue that the growth that started with prior administrations was a separate matter as the nature of the regimes was so different. Many argue that the future course of the German economy under elected governments would have limited the Nazis to a small but vocal minority, but it is harder to argue that it would have led to a rapid decline in Nazi support.
Hitler was appointed chancellor at the end of January 1933, and immediately undertook an attempt to generate sustained economic recovery. Critics abroad, not familiarizing themselves with other aspects of the German government, claimed that the approach taken by Germany was one to be admired or emulated. Policy differences between the Nazi government and that of prior administrations were predicated on the Nazi belief that they should raise money for armed conflict.
These principals were embodied in Hitler's first Four-Year Plank which embodied many of the new measures and gave them visibility as a new policy direction (Guillebaud, 1939). Employment rose rapidly in 1933. The new expenditures, however, must have taken time to have their full effects. The immediate recovery therefore was due to euphoria resulting from changed expectations when the Nazis took power. It was the result of anticipation and forcasting in addition to actual...
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