¶ … National Incident-Based Reporting System (IBRS) is a system used by national and state law enforcement agencies to report and analyze crimes. The system allows for the widespread use of data related to a variety of crimes coming to law enforcement agencies. The data collected includes the nature and types of specific offenses in the incident, characteristics of the victim(s) and offender(s), types and value of property stolen and recovered, and characteristics of persons arrested in connection with a crime incident.
The information collected by the IBRS is extensive and the use of the system can be, therefore, complex. Since the system was introduced in 1985 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation the basic system has been adopted by a number of local and state law enforcement agencies as well. Some of these jurisdictions, including the State of New York, have chosen to enhance the system or adapt it to their particular use.
The New York system provides a streamlined method of reporting police department generated crime reports that results in a simple monthly computerized summary. The system reduces the amount of paper work required of individual officers and reduces the need for auxiliary staffing. It improves the accuracy of the information being reported and eliminates duplication of information and it provides readily available crime information as to victims, suspects, crime locations, contraband seized and weapons used.
Other states currently using the IBRS system include: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia and Wisconsin.
There are a variety of record management systems in use by police agencies. Most of these systems, however, have been adapted to conform to IBRS standards so that the information from their private vendor's system can be easily transferred. It is essentially, however, that the information be maintained in a minimum of 68 data elements. Each crime is broken down into 6 major categories. These major categories are then broken down further. This system of categorizing provides a uniform system of crime reporting. The 6 major categories are based on administrative concerns, offense type, property involved, suspect information, victim information, and arrestee background.
The IBRS system has been implemented to help evaluate the crime data available for all offenses that have been classified as hate crimes. To be classified as hate crime the motivation behind the commission of the crime must be examined. This requires that the investigating officer must be able to clearly identify a bias motivation and report this motivation in addition to the specific elements of the underlying crime. At the present time the reporting of hate crimes has not been perfected. State and national groups utilizing the IBRS are working to develop uniform protocols for the reporting of these types of crimes. The New York Division of Criminal Justice Services, for example, has a new set of instructions for reporting hate crime incidents that is hoped to provide more meaningful information as to the victim and the location of the reported offense and to make sure that data sent to the FBI is more accurate.
The reason for this increased interest in developing new protocols for the reporting of hate crime information is the discovery that police agencies were mistakenly failing to report the arrest information on hate crimes to the IBRS system. Apparently the existing record management system software being used by police agencies makes the reporting of hate crimes nearly impossible so a great number of crimes that should be classified as hate crimes are not being reported as such. Hopefully, with the newly designed protocols this under reporting problem will be alleviated and a better analysis of these crimes can be done in the future.
The unique feature of hate crimes is that they are not a distinct crime. All hate crimes must involve a more traditional crime. To be classified as a hate crime there must be an examination of the perpetrator's underlying motivation for participating in the crime. This style of crime was virtually...
C. By Michael Shively (June, 2005), the first hate crime laws were enacted during the sixties, seventies, and eighties. The first states to pass hate crime legislation were Oregon and Washington in 1981. The first federal hate crime legislation, Shively explains, was debated in 1985, and the first federal statute related to hate crimes was the Hate Crimes Statistics Act, passed in 1990. Subsequent to that Act, other pieces of
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In the case of an extreme situation, such as the death or near death of another, intentionality is a clear indicator of culpability and should be constitutionally supported. The constitution is a litmus of the culture and open violation of the intentions of the constitution, i.e. To protect the rights of all should be an allowable designation for increased sanctions against those who perpetrate such crime. Pros and Cons of
Hate Crimes in the United States Despite the fact that the United States has grown generally more tolerant and more accepting, hate crimes have been on the rise in many cities in the United States, particularly in California, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, and Massachusetts (Partners against Hate, 2003). This does not necessarily reflect an overall increase in crime. In fact, it may not even reflect an increase in actual hate
3. 42 U.S.C.S. 13981 - the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 IV. Famous Hate Crimes Matthew Shepard was attacked and killed by Russell Henderson and Aaron McKinney on October 12, 1998. The attack was motivated by Shepard's homosexuality. The case brought national attention to the issue of hate crimes. Shepard's killers were convicted of murder, but not charged with a hate crime because there was no Wyoming hate crime legislation at that time. Brandon
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