" (Watkins, 2000, p. 116)
Occupations that are interesting to people in this category include; "social service, counseling, religious activities, teaching, health care and other occupations where one can work with other people." (Watkins, 2000, p. 116)
The remaining categories are reflective of how an individual responds to or reserves from the outside world and the inner world. The "attitudes" that Jung describes, as extroverted (outward-turning) or introverted (inward-turning) are two of the most common observations of personality made in and outside the field of psychology with regard to personality characteristics. "Most other researchers who have tried to describe human personality comprehensively have measured -- or discovered -- extraversion and introversion." (Watkins, 2000, p. 116)
Watkins describes extroversion (E) as having an attitude where energy flows out from the individual into the environment. The environment provides a certain level of stimulation and the extrovert appreciates interaction with this world, which can include other individuals but also the built environment. The theory goes that if one is slanted toward being an extrovert he or she will exhibit; "sociability, action orientation, impulsivity, and ease of communication... dominance, leadership, expressed inclusion, expressed affection, exhibitionism, and being venturesome." (Watkins, 2000, p. 117) High action occupations such as those that are conducted in the outdoors or include travel as well as a great deal of interactions with other people are those that the extrovert gravitates toward and is successful at.
Introverts, on the other end of the balanced scale are more inclined to "draw energy from the environment," to help them build their concepts of the world. (Watkins, 2000, p. 117) Jung believed that all people possess a certain amount of introversion as an important aspect of normal functioning. Introverted people tend to have the characteristics of; "interest in the clarity of concepts and ideas, reliance more on enduring concepts than on transitory external events, a thoughtful, contemplative detachment, and enjoyment of privacy... self-sufficient, reserved, and introspective." (Watkins, 2000, p. 117) Introverts are often drawn to and successful in occupations that involve independence, frequent individual contacts, activities that require significant attention span and frequent work with ideas. "Introverts are in the majority among computer programmers, engineers, statisticians, librarians, accountants, or anesthesiologists." (Watkins, 2000, p. 117)
It is also clear that regardless of the ideal of the scales used in the characterizations of MBIT in the sense of equal but variant characteristics the common line of reasoning is that characteristics of extroversion tend to be valued as greater than those of introversion.
In many correlations with personality measures, extraversion is associated with positive qualities -- ego strength and emotional stability, personal integration, and self-esteem. Introversion is more likely to be associated on other scales with negative qualities -- anxiety, guilt, and neuroticism. (Watkins, 2000, p. 117)
The variation tends to be thought of as applicable due to the fact that extroverts tend to be moor at ease in their environment and more influential as a result of their ability to fully involve themselves and therefore leave an impression on those around them while the introvert, in extreme does not possess these charismatic personality traits. Society in general sees introversion as a weakness or limited in strength because it does not appreciate the strengths that make up their character.
The outward-turning of extraverts can lead them to look more to others and less to themselves as the cause of their problems. Counselors often see extraverts who are astonished to find they are themselves important actors in their own drama, not simply responding to external forces. The inward turning introverts are likely to blame themselves for their difficulties. Counselors often see introverts who are amazed at the counselor's suggestion that perhaps others might also be at fault in their problems. For extraverts, the counselor will try to distinguish the deserved confidence of well-developed extraverts from the overconfidence of the less mature extraverts. (Watkins, 2000, p. 117)
Though Jung was quick to stress that there are no real pure introverts or extroverts, possessing a lack of balance between these two spectrum ends can lead to problems and difficulties that cannot be answered without a reversion to balance. (Watkins, 2000, p. 118)
Extraversion is always associated with one of the four functions. There are extraverted sensing types, extraverted intuitive types, extraverted thinking types, extraverted feeling types, but there are no "extraverts" -- and similarly with introverts." (Watkins, 2000, p. 118)
Jung seems...
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