) about 200 ("Take the FDA Consumer")
Dealing with Depression
As depression is reportedly the most common psychiatric disorder in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, those caring for MS patients who express any sort of suicidal ideation should be closely monitored and referred for a psychological evaluation. Frequently, MS patients experiencing bouts with depression or suicidal thoughts are not assessed, under assessed, and/or consequently not diagnosed. Unlike some of the other aspects accounting MS, yet similar to some MS, depression can be effectively treated. Numerous reasons contribute to MS patients experiencing depression, according to Wallin. These may include:
The psychosocial effects of MS disability.
The direct effect of lesions on brain structures that are involved in regulating and maintaining mood state
The untoward effects of interferon (IFN)- ? For treating MS, which may be associated with mood changes.
Immune dysfunction. (Wallin)
Early intervention for depression, Wallin stresses, is vital as relief from depression related to MS can prevent declines in a MS patient's quality of life. It may also prevent a person attempting or completing suicide. (Wallin)
Surgical Treatments Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a variation of a surgery from the 1960s, is sometimes still used to treat tremors in MS patients. Surgeries in the past destroyed the thalamus (thalamotomy) or another part of the brain, the globus pallidus (pallidotomy). Today, instead of these type surgeries, which carry significant risk, due to the intentional destruction of part of the brain, deep brain stimulations are performed. When treating MS with DBS, a medical specialist places an electrode with the tip of the electrode in the thalamus (for tremor and multiple sclerosis). The medical specialist leaves the electrode for deep brain stimulation in the brain, connected by a wire to a pacemaker-like device. he/she then implants the stimulating device under the skin over the chest of the MS patient.
The device delivers electrical shocks to help to relieve tremors accompanying MS. (Doctors)
Doctors)
Doctors at the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Research at the Cleveland Clinic relate the following questions/answers regarding the surgical treatment of DBS:
Can Deep Brain Stimulation Cure MS?
No. Electrical stimulation does not cure multiple sclerosis nor does it prevent the disease from getting worse; it helps to relieve the symptom of tremor related to MS.
Is Deep Brain Stimulation Considered Experimental?
Deep brain stimulation is not experimental. The FDA has approved DBS to treat Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and dystonia. Dystonia is a type of movement disorder characterized by abnormal postures and twisting motions.
The FDA has not specifically approved deep brain stimulation of the thalamus to treat multiple sclerosis. However, this does not mean that the treatment is experimental or that it would not be covered by insurance. There are many examples of treatments that are used every day and are standard and accepted but that have not been approved by the FDA.
Deep brain stimulation is a way to inactivate parts of the brain without purposefully destroying the brain. Therefore, the risks are much lower. In Who Should Consider Deep Brain Stimulation?
There are many important issues to be addressed when considering deep brain stimulation. These issues should be discussed with a movement disorders expert or a specially trained neurologist.
Before considering surgery, you should have tried medication first. Surgery should not be undertaken if medications are able to control your symptoms. However, surgery should be considered if you do not achieve satisfactory control through medications. If you are unsure if DBS is right for you, consult a movement disorders expert or a neurologist who has experience with movement disorders.
Where Should the Operation Be Performed?
The surgery should be performed in a center where there is a team of experts to care for you. This means neurologists and neurosurgeons who have experience and specialized training in doing these types of surgeries.
Another thing to consider when deciding where to go for the surgery is to find out how the target (that is the thalamus) is localized. Different centers may perform the surgeries in different ways. It is clear that the chances of benefit and the risks of complications are directly related to how close the electrode is to the correct target. (Doctors)
Treatment Options
Treatment options for MS, according to the Mayo Clinic, in addition to DPS, include may include medications, physical and occupational therapy, as well as, experimental therapies. Currently, two primary strategies are recommended for MS:
Managing the symptoms accompanying MS;
Treatment of MS prior to permanent damage contributing to onset of symptoms.
The Mayo Clinic utilizes a multidisciplinary approach and offers expertise to help best manage neurological diseases such as MS. Treatment techniques may include:
Multiple Sclerosis Samira Ghaniwala Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease caused by activated T cells that gain entry into the central nervous system. The injury results from inflammation and T cell destruction. There are typical symptoms that co relate with the area involved. There are also remissions and relapses which can be triggered by certain factors. Diagnosis of the disease requires visualization of the lesions in the central white matter, on an
Neuroscience • Questions refer to the paper Mi S, Hu B, Hahm K, Luo Y et al., (2007) LINGO-1 antagonist promotes spinal cord remyelination and axonal integrity in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Med;13(10):1228-33. MOG-induced murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an experimentally-induced disease. In what ways does it model the 'outside-in' theory of multiple sclerosis? Your answer must name the correct antigens and cell types involved in the process (3
risk of development and progression of Multiple Sclerosis with the different CD 24 polymorphisms: V/V, a/a and a/V. To assess the expressivity of various gene polymorphism on T cells. To check any tendency in the development of Multiple Sclerosis within family members and different ethnic groups. Materials and Methods: The study checked the single nucleotide polymorphism in a population of Multiple Sclerosis patients and controls. These patients were diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis, using
Ease up a range of motion, and foster muscle control. They are said to be used before or together with actual speech production treatment. The evaluation found that these methods and procedures are questionable in matters concerning the implied cause of developmental speech sound disorders, the neurophysiologic differences between the limbs and oral musculature, the development of new theories of movement and movement control, and the sparseness of research
Essay Topic Examples 1. The Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) on Cognitive Functioning: Explores the physiological and psychological consequences of TBI, the challenges posed for recovery, and the long-term changes in cognitive abilities that can occur following such injuries. 2. Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Effect on Brain Health: Analyzes conditions such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease, examining how these diseases disrupt normal brain function and the resulting symptoms and progression of cognitive
318. However, in this and other studies, it seems that lack of effectiveness may be due to a cessation of the CBT and not due to its lack of effectiveness while in treatment (Belleville, 2011, p. 318). Regardless, there are very few, if any, studies that show evidence of negative effects of CBT. An additional factor that should be taken into account in Isabella's case is that substance use may
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