Epstein-Barr Virus – EBV (Mononucleosis)
A contagious disease, infectious mononucleosis is mostly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC, 2018). It is, however, important to note that in most cases, an infection with EBV does not necessarily progress to mononucleosis. Essentially, EBV infections are commonplace and may not present any symptoms, particularly during the childhood early adulthood phases. However, as CDC (2018) points out, “at least one out of four teenagers and young adults who get infected with EBV will develop infectious mononucleosis.” Most infections on this front spread as a consequence of close contact with an individual who is already infected, i.e. via sharing of cutlery or kissing.
Some of the more common symptoms of EBV infection include, but they are not limited to, “sore throat, cervical lymph node enlargement, fatigue and fever most often seen in adolescents and young adults and lasting several weeks” (Dunmire, Hogquist, and Balfour, 2015). Other symptoms may include rash, swollen spleen or liver (or both in some instances), and body pain as well as headaches (CDC, 2018). As CDC (2018) further points out, most mononucleosis symptoms become apparent within four to six weeks of EBV infection.
There is need to consider group A beta-hemolytic streptococci virus and taxoplasma gondii in infectious mononucleosis’ differential diagnosis. This is more so the case given that as Bravender (2010) points out, “approximately 10% of those with IM will not be acutely infected with EBV.” When it comes to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci virus, it is important to note that it is in most cases clinically indistinguishable from EBV. Towards this end, there is need for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci virus throat culture as a differentiating test. As Buttaro, Tybulski, Polgar-Bailey, and Sandberg-Cook (2012)…
References
Bravender, T. (2010). Epstein-Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Infectious Mononucleosis. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 21(2), 251–264.
Buttaro, T.M., Tybulski, J., Polgar-Bailey, P. & Sandberg-Cook, J. (2012). Primary Care - E-Book: A Collaborative Practice (4th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC (2018). About Infectious Mononucleosis. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-mono.html
Cunha, B. (2017). Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) Differential Diagnoses. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-differential
Dunmire, S.K., Hogquist, K.A. & Balfour, H.H. (2015). Infectious Mononucleosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 390(8), 211-240.
Prospective Clinical Study of Epstein-Barr Virus and Host Interactions During Acute Infectious Mononucleosis Article Review Balfour et al. (2005) carried out the study with an aim of discovering how Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication is controlled. Using such information would offer them insights as to why some immunocompromised patients develop fatal or severe disease when they fail to contain EBV infection. According to Balfour et al. (2005), it is not easy
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