Money Multiplier: How it Works
The process of creating money begins with the Federal Reserve, which controls the amount of currency that enters the system (University of Rhode Island, 2004). The currency it supplies is called high-powered money, which is directly controlled by the Federal Reserve. However, this is not the money supply. The high-powered money is distributed to two places - the vaults of the banks as reserves, or the pockets of individuals and businesses as cash. Because of the nature of the banking system, banks actually create the money. The cash held by the banks is called reserves and these reserves form the base for banks' expansion of checking accounts. When the currency held by the public is added to the deposit (checking) accounts created by the banks, the end result is the money supply.
Money Supply Process: Diagram 1.
SOURCE: University of Rhode Island. (2004). Money Supply: The Fed and the Creation and Control of Money. Retrieved from the Internet at: http://www.uri.edu/artsci/newecn/Classes/Art/INT1/Mac/1970s/Money.supply.html.
The money multiplier is the ratio of the stock of money to the stock of high -- powered money (University of Rhode Island, 2004). The fractional reserve system is a key piece in the money supply process. Diagram 2 below represents this system. On the left side is the Federal Reserve's supply of high-powered money that is held either as currency by the public or reserves by the banks. If the banks create demand deposit, they must hold in their vault some cash as required reserves. These banks may also hold some excess reserves (cash they do not use to create demand deposits). The banks' ability to create money from the cash is apparent in the positive slope of the demand deposit line - a small amount of reserves becomes a bigger amount of demand deposits. Excess reserves...
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