40). It is particularly difficult to elicit responses regarding what a subject things 'another' feels. Thus cross-cultural definitions of a theory of mind are difficult to determine, given that the child's experience is culturally marked by languages and concepts from the start of life. Lillard contends that it is simply not tenuous to claim that the child has core understandings about other people that exist outside of culture, given the degree to which language, manners, rituals, and folk psychological understandings of others are shaped by cultural constraints. (Lillard 1998, p. 44).
Specifically regarding her inquiry about 'folk' psychological understanding in cultures, Angelina Lillard refers to the apparent tendency in other cultures to attribute outside forces, like spirits or witches, as the source of differences in behavior rather than minds. "The crucial issue is how much of folk psychology is the encapsulated product of theorizing within the child and how...much is folk psychology like manners, resulting from culture's often capricious-seeming dictates, combined with the child's developmental level, and how much is it like Piagetian conservation?" (Lillard 1998, p. 44).
Differences in children's experience with schooling and language and their apparent effect on a theory of mind further support Lillard's notion, even if they do not 'prove' her contention (Gauvain 1998, p.40).
Some might counter that, although a theory of mind is not synonymous with intelligence, it could develop in consort with other intellectual activities, and much like intelligence is shaped by a variety of forces but there is still some innate 'mindful' quality. On the other hand, analogizing a theory of mind to intelligence may be even thornier, given whether there is a general cross-cultural definition of intelligence is itself in contention.
Critics of Lillard would no doubt point out that empathy and understanding the emotions of others is affected by biology -- teenagers may be more apt to see hostility in faces than their adult counterparts, for example. To specifically test the universality...
Consequently, physicalism or materialism is seen by some as a form of reductionism of the potential of human mind and consciousness. It is therefore a point-of-view that should be questioned in terms of the modern exploration of the complexity of human consciousness. References A Case for Physicalism about the Human Mind (the Great Debate). Retrieved from http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/andrew_melnyk/physicalism.html Jackson. F. (1986): 'What Mary Didn't Know'. Journal of Philosophy, 83. Knowledge Argument Against Physicalism [Internet Encyclopedia
Sensitive mothering: A theoretical overview Although the nature vs. nurture controversy rages on, regarding the degree to which nurturing can influence childhood development, research does suggest that a particular parenting style is preferred: so-called 'sensitive mothering.' Sensitive mothering is defined as being "highly responsive and available" to a child's needs (Spinrad & Sifter 2011). Mothers who could pick up on their child's nonverbal signals "were more likely to have infants who
The exam though it's validity as a barometer for academic preparedness for higher learning is contested, is a means of examining the factors which have been shown to be directly related to the outcomes seen with this strategy. Block scheduling has been shown to correlate directly to mathematics, language, and critical thinking in terms of improving scores. Also, the application of this evaluative comparison across a variety of students
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, 2005). In addition, the workload on clinicians is often increased past the point of reasonable because it is too intrusive and time consuming to document patient encounters during clinic time (Grabenbauer, Skinner, and Windle, 2011). The amount of information that can accumulate in a patient's record from multiple sources can be daunting and lead to information overload. CDS alerts can be so common that clinicians begin to ignore them.
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