Verified Document

Mind And Body In History Research Paper

For Marx, of course, economics and class conflicts were the base of society, and social change proceeded through revolutions, such as the French, American and English Revolutions against feudalism in the 17th and 18th Centuries. In the future, capitalism would be overthrown by a socialist revolution, starting with the most advanced industrial economies in the West (Greene, p. 200). Comte argued that sociology should be concerned with the "laws of social evolution," though, and that science and technology had undermined traditional religion and the feudal social order. Society evolved in three distinct stages, theological, metaphysical and positive, with positivism representing urban, industrial society (Greene, p. 204). Conclusion

Plato, Augustine and Descartes were the most important dualist philosophers in history, and all of them valued the mind and immortal soul far more than the physical body or the material universe. This view was dominant until the era of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment when it was gradually displaced by materialism, empiricism and the scientific method. Descartes was an important transition figure in that he did not doubt that God existed, and stated that he was perfect and eternal, but also that God had given human beings minds, senses and judgment through which they could comprehend the natural world. Unlike God, though, human faculties are finite and imperfect and therefore prone to error. God did not create humanity to be all-knowing and all-powerful, or ensure that...

For the most part, science and materialism were triumphant in the 19th Century, apart from the Romantic reaction against the Enlightenment, and the standard assumption was than human beings were animals that had evolved physically and mentally over millions of years, that no soul existed and that the mind was really the information that had been programmed into the brain. Questions of the soul, God or immortal beings were relegated to the area of faith and religion, not science.
REFERENCES

Augustine (2006). Confessions. Penguin Classics.

Gil, C. (1999). Plato: The Symposium. Penguin Classics.

Greene, John C. "Biological and Social Theory in the Nineteenth Century: August Comte and Herbert Spencer" in John Offer (ed). Herbert Spencer: Critical Assessments of Leading Sociologists, Volume 2. Routledge, 2000: 203-26.

Descartes, R. (1996). Meditations on First Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.

Hume. D. (1993). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Hackett Publishing Co.

King, Karen L. What Is Gnosticism? Harvard University Press, 2003.

Lehrer, J. (2009). How We Decide. NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Nauert, C.G. (2006). Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe, 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press.

Wills, G.A. (2011). Augustine's Confessions: A Biography. Princeton University Press.

Sources used in this document:
REFERENCES

Augustine (2006). Confessions. Penguin Classics.

Gil, C. (1999). Plato: The Symposium. Penguin Classics.

Greene, John C. "Biological and Social Theory in the Nineteenth Century: August Comte and Herbert Spencer" in John Offer (ed). Herbert Spencer: Critical Assessments of Leading Sociologists, Volume 2. Routledge, 2000: 203-26.

Descartes, R. (1996). Meditations on First Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
Cite this Document:
Copy Bibliography Citation

Related Documents

Two Views of the Mind / Body Problem
Words: 1614 Length: 5 Document Type: Essay

Descartes Cartesian dualism emerges from Descartes's approach of radical skepticism. Wanting to know what can be determined to be absolutely true, Descartes begins by doubting all sensory perception as fundamentally external and liable to interference. Just as we understand that hallucination exists as a real phenomenon -- whereby we might "see" an object that is not really there -- we may come to understand that all the evidence obtained from eyesight

Analyzing the Mind and Body Problem
Words: 2027 Length: 6 Document Type: Essay

Mind/Body Problem Mind/Body Dualism: Compare/contrast Cartesian Rationalism and at least one version of Empiricism. Descartes Method Descartes, who was fascinated with mathematical qualities of indubiability, certainty and clarity, considered philosophy as an antithesis of the said qualities since he perceived philosophy as a subject, which was based on shaky grounds. He then sought to provide philosophy with steady foundation through using math principles in his search for something that is clear and indubitable.

History of the Modern Middle
Words: 2401 Length: 6 Document Type: Term Paper

This is not always the case. Some may be educated and economically well off, within particular fundamentalist sects, but use an idealistic vision of the past to provide a solution to what they see is lacking in the contemporary world. This was true of the Muslim Brotherhood of 1929, which used religion as part of its ideology of colonial resistance -- and is also true of many of the

History of the Rosicrucian Order
Words: 5816 Length: 21 Document Type: Thesis

Rather than continue the process that began in the first two books, in which the Rosicrucian Order first announced themselves, gave their history, and then responded to certain criticisms while making their position within Christian theology clearer, the Chymical Wedding can almost be seen as the first instance of literature written within the Rosicrucian tradition, rather than as part of its manifesto-like founding documents, because it does not seek to

History of the Resurrection Tradition
Words: 3003 Length: 10 Document Type: Research Paper

History Resurrection The History of Resurrection Tradition According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word 'resurrection' stands for "the state of one risen from the dead." Generally, resurrection refers to restoration to life of the person who is clinically dead. Concept of resurrection has been in existence in one form or the other since the very birth of the first human being in this planet. Over the centuries, different religions and mythological schools of thought

History of Psychology Over the
Words: 965 Length: 3 Document Type: Essay

The ideal self is the person, someone feels they should be and will model their behavior, based upon this image. The real self is the side of your personality that friends and family know well. This creates a conflict in the individual called self-actualization, as the person will attempt to live up to the image of their ideal self. Where, these perceptions will affect the self-image of the individual

Sign Up for Unlimited Study Help

Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.

Get Started Now