B-29 and B-26 bombers were used by U.S. forces to decimate Korean cities through round-the-clock air war using incendiary bombs, delayed demolition explosives and an "infernal jelly" called napalm.[footnoteRef:38] Created secretly during World War II, napalm was basically a mixture of petroleum and a thickening agent, designed to fiercely adhere to the target and severely burn it. Though first used against enemy structures and humans in World War II, napalm was used in the Korean War to devastating effect.[footnoteRef:39] the results of the U.S. air war against North Korea were intentionally catastrophic: at the commencement of the War, North Korea had 22 major cities, 18 of which suffered at least 50% obliteration.[footnoteRef:40] Furthermore, the U.S. government seriously considered using the atomic bombs that had so decisively ended World War II in the Pacific Theater. Particularly in September and October of 1951, B-29 bombers were used for multiple runs to drop "dummy" a-bombs or heavy TNT bombs on North Korea.[footnoteRef:41] However, the use of the a-bomb was ultimately deemed logistically impractical because "timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare."[footnoteRef:42] in the end, the United States dropped 635,000 tons of bombs and 32,577 tons of napalm on Korea[footnoteRef:43], and some U.S. military personnel such as Air Force general Otto Weyland were convinced that the merciless air war forced an early conclusion to the War.[footnoteRef:44] [37: McCarthy, p. 157.] [38: Bruce Cumings. The Korean War: A History. New York, NY: Modern Library, 2011, p. 159.] [39: Ibid.] [40: Ibid., p. 160.] [41: Ibid., p. 157.] [42: Ibid., pp. 157-8.] [43: Ibid., p. 159.] [44: Ibid., p. 160.]
From the end of World War II to the Vietnam War, the Military significantly aided the development of jet and rocket flight. Due to great interest in the value of flight during World War II, the Military was intent on advancing and taking full advantage of development in flights. Consequently, in 1947 both the U.S. Air Force was established[footnoteRef:45] and an Air Force pilot named Charles Yeager broke the sound barrier in an experimental plane called the Bell X-1.[footnoteRef:46] From 1947 to 1957, the U.S. Military extensively developed "flight arms" of its military branches and military jets, such as the F-86 Sabre[footnoteRef:47] and the B-52 Stratofortress.[footnoteRef:48] the Soviet Union was also understandably highly interested in the military uses of flight, resulting in the 1957 launch of its first man-made satellite[footnoteRef:49] and the 1961 launch of the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin.[footnoteRef:50] [45: Walter J. Boyne. Beyond the Wild and Blue: A History of the United States Air Force, 1947-2007, Second Edition. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 2007, p. 6.] [46: Ibid., p. 69.] [47: Ibid., p. 57.] [48: Grant, p. 286.] [49: McCarthy, p. 79.] [50: Boyne, p. 192.]
The United States' involvement in the Vietnam War from 1950 to 1973 spurred the further sophistication of existing flight machines and the development of "Smart Weapons." 1962 saw both the first production of the 744 plane[footnoteRef:51] and the first orbit of Earth by an American, a Marine Corps pilot named John J. Glenn, Jr.[footnoteRef:52] Though America was initially lagging behind the Soviet Union in space exploration, by 1969, a U.S. Navy pilot named Neil a. Armstrong and a U.S. Air Force pilot named Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., became the first earthlings to walk on the moon.[footnoteRef:53] Not to be outdone in aviation, the Soviet Union launched the first space station, Salyut 1, in 1971.[footnoteRef:54] Though aircraft developed prior to the Vietnam War was used in that conflict, the U.S. also developed "smart weapons, such as precision-guided weapons, for use in that war.[footnoteRef:55] Furthermore, the then-sophisticated aircraft used in this war is a laundry list of specialized craft, including but not limited to: the Skyraider, a propeller-driven craft that was heavily armed and used for strafing, bombing and rescue[footnoteRef:56]; the Skyhawk, a single-seat attack bomber[footnoteRef:57]; the F-4 Phantom, a two-seat, two-engine interceptor-bomber[footnoteRef:58]; Jolly Green rescue helicopters[footnoteRef:59]and an F-8 Crusader, a MiG-21 class fighter using both guns and missiles.[footnoteRef:60] Despite extensive development of aviation during the Vietnam War, the U.S. Military was disappointed with the overall efficacy of the air attack[footnoteRef:61] and engaged in a reorganization of systems for the development of intelligence, technology and information systems. [51: Ibid., p. 112.] [52: Grant, p. 341.] [53: Ibid., p. 353.] [54: Ibid., p. 360.] [55: Robert K. Wilcox. Scream of Eagles: The Dramatic Account of the U.S. Navy's Top Gun Fighter Pilots and How They Took Back the Skies Over Vietnam. New York, NY: Pocket Star Books, 2005, pp. 287-9.] [56: Ibid., p. 287.] [57: Ibid.] [58: Ibid., p. 288.] [59: Ibid., p. 25.] [60: Ibid.] [61: David...
" (Miles, 2006) According to Norway's Department of Defense document entitled: "International Military Operations, Crisis Management - Multinational Operations" when a country is a participant in an "multinational crisis management" initiative entailed is "the ability, at short notice and in concert with allies and others, to contribute a military capability in some form for the purpose of bringing under control a given situation in which poses a threat either to international
As the end of the Cold War, would present a unique opportunity to take advantage of this situation. This strategy could have been successful had there been a commitment from both the U.S. And UN to the long-term stability of Somalia. The problems began, when the different roles of the mission would change and there would not be enough resources or support to obtain the different objectives of UNSOM
The advent of World War II saw and end of the period of economic turmoil and massive unemployment known as the Great Depression, and thus was a time of increased opportunity for many of the nation's citizens and immigrants, but the experiences of some groups during and following the war were far less positive than others. Some of this was due to the different histories that different immigrant groups
U.S. INVADED IRAQ IN 2003 Why U.S. Invade Iraq 2003 invasion of Iraq has a number of forceful effects that relate to the influence of the 9/11 occurrence in the country. The then U.S. president who happened to have been President Bush pushed for the U.S. invasion of Iraq amidst the actions that Saddam had done to the U.S. In most avenues of performance, it is clear that the U.S. attack
U.S. statistics indicate that 80% of aviation accidents are due to human errors with 50% due to maintenance human factor problems. Current human factor management programs have not succeeded to the degree desired. Many industries today use performance excellence frameworks such as the Baldrige National Quality Award framework to improve over-all organizational effectiveness, organizational culture and personal learning and growth. A survey administered to a sample population of senior aviation
Security is, as expected, extremely tight, and because of this, the Pentagon also houses shopping facilities, banks, a bus and subway station, and numerous restaurants (Johnson). Employees do not need to leave the building once they arrive each day, which makes it easier to manage security. The building also has its own sewage treatment plant, and heating and cooling facilities (Johnson). In conclusion, the Pentagon is much more than a
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now