WWII: Italy
Both World War I and II were world events that left territories, countries, nations, and individuals exhausted from the effort and from loss. These wars proved ultimately ironic when the term "the war to end all wars" proved tragically inaccurate with the outbreak of World War II. In addition to the devastation, however, were significant changes, developments and effects on the world and its paradigms. Decolonization, for example proved to be one of the most important effects. Whereas colonization was a mainly European paradigm as means of transport and new discoveries enabled increasing voyages across the world, the World Wars created the ability of territories to become autonomous, searching for their own identity rather than identities that were associated with those of their colonizers. For Italy, World War II also held its own specific events and paradigm shifts as the country became a territory affected by war and manipulation attempts.
World War II created conditions that became fundamentally unfavorable for colonialism, since old powers were being overrun by Axis forces. New allies were formed to overrun old colonial and despotic powers during World War II. Britain was particularly threatened in this way by powers in North Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia. Anti-colonial leaders like Gandhi, Mao Tse-tung, HO Chi Minh and others created realities in which leaders could liberate their territories from the rule of colonial forces. To this day, it remains unclear whether this development has created a paradigm of peace or simply more warfare as new territories attempt to create an identity.
As World War II raged on, this effect ran concurrently with the Allied strategic problem of a new cause after the end of the North African campaign, along with the Italian need, politically, to end its involvement in a war the country perceived as increasingly pointless. At the time, Italy was under the Fascist rule of Mussolini. However, Mussolini at this stage remained the leader in little more than name. Even among his own administration Mussolini faced a lack of support. In addition, other leaders regarded him as little more than a puppet for Hitler. Hence, the Germans were increasingly involved in the Italian war effort and its direction.
As much as Mussolini was Hitler's puppet, Italian troops were increasingly used in the German war effort. Italian soldiers were, for example, sent to fight the Russian Communists. They were also used on anti-guerilla missions in the Balkans. Italians were also regarded as somewhat "second-class," a fact that the Italians themselves were painfully aware of.
Hitler responded by simply sending more German troops. He even went as far as sending Germans instead of the Italians Mussolini requested in assistance against the threat of Allied invasion.
Interestingly, Field Marshal Kesselring promoted Italian-German relations by being a fan of all things Italian. He was the German commander of the Mediterranean and somewhat softened an otherwise difficult experience for the Italians in the region.
When the situation became intolerable for the Italians in 1943, they understood that it was time to eliminate Mussolini. They also understood that they would need Allied assistance to help them against the German reaction to this effort.
Thus, the invasion of Sicily acted as a spur to help the effort to rid Italy from Mussolini and his rule. The result was a bloodless coup, in which the king demanded that Mussolini resign. Mussolini was then taken away and replaced by Badoglio, who demanded that Italy remain in the war. Hence, even though Mussolini was now out of the picture, Italy's remaining problem was that it was no closer to emerging from the war than it was in the past.
At the same time, the Allied decision to invade Italy, despite their initial intention not to do so, created further difficulty for the Italian drive to join the Allied forces. Churchill believed that an invasion of southern Italy would form a sound follow-up strategy for the operations in Sicily. This would create a basis for operations in the Balkans, while Allied bombers could also be stationed in Italy's airfields for reaching Rumanian oil fields. In the long-term, Churchill's intention was to not only invade Italy and bring Mussolini down, but also to create a victory for the Allies in terms of gaining Rome without German resistance. It was projected that the Germans would not wish to fight in southern Italy.
This proved to be a tragically flawed view, as the Allied forces faced increasing opposition in Italy, denying them a cheap or easy victory. Hence, Churchill maintained his...
People Management, The Mantra for Success: The Case of Singhania and Partner Recruitment and Selection People form an essential part of the organization. The efficiency and quality of its people determines the outcome of the organization. Therefore choice of right people and placing them at right place becomes necessary. Hiring comes at this point of time in the picture. Hiring is a strategic function for HR department. Recruitment and selection shape the
People management is basically making sure that all the employees of an organization are able to effectively coordinate themselves and carry out their duties to the highest possible standards. People management forms the highest part of any firm by ensuring that functions and duties are performed accurately and consistently at the highest standards (Purcell, 2008). The approaches and leadership stances employed by managers in people management field has been noted
In addition, transaction costs may be too high to implement HR practice that is different from the HR policies being practice at the headquarter. Thus, to lower costs, it is critical for MNC to adopt HR standardization. (Dickmann,2008). Despite the argument in support of standardization of HR, there are challenges that a global company may face while implementing standardized HR practice on a global basis. The challenge in practicing standardization is
People's Banks Critically analyze the strategies adopted by Dinesh to retain the leading position. The hard work and determination of Dinesh, who joined the branch as branch head in June 1998 helped to create a successful business. He went in with one focus, which was to grow the banks probability margin and make it successful as he could. Taking note of new technological advances and innovations at an early start helped to
That same statute requires the Secretary of State to notify certain members of her Senate before making the designation, but she need not notify the groups in question. If complaint were to ensue, the designated groups can file a petition within 30 days, but the court can review only the administrative record that the Secretary has assembled, although the Government may also submit classified information that was used to make
At which point, they were seen as a neutral between the two different sides. ("Egypt Revolution," 2011) The protestors played a role in the conflict, by pushing for various changes to take place. This is despite the fact that they were: attacked, some of their key leaders were sent to jail and access the Internet was shut down. Yet, despite these different obstacles the underlying message would spread through the
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now