(Dressler, 2010, paraphrased) Emulation is held in the work of Oltmans and Kol to be "more cost-effective for preserving large collections, despite the relatively high initial cots for developing an emulation device." (Dressler, 2010, p.1) Emulation is contrasted to migration in that migration is applicable to all the objects in a collection respectively, creating high ongoing costs" whereas emulation chaining for the future is likely to detract from this. Emulation can be implemented "at a higher level than the migration approach" therefore, instead of the development of conversion solutions per format "institutions can develop emulation solutions per environment." (Dressler, 2010, p.1) Emulation has not been used widely in preserving over the long-term and there is a need for tests of practicality prior to conclusions being made about the reliability of emulation. Additionally, as noted by Dressler (2010) the selection of emulation strategy ultimately requires "buying into a migration strategy because emulators themselves become obsolete" making the replacement of the old emulator with a new emulator a requirement or alternatively requiring that a new emulator be created. The work of Rothenberg reports that migration is: (1) labor intensive; (2) time-consuming; (3) expensive; (4) error-prone; (5) risky; and (6) non-scalable and as well that migration makes a requirement of new solution for every new format. (in: Granger, 2000, p.1) Granger (2000) states of migration that it "has been the only serious candidate thus far for preservation of large scale archives" and that not all of these will be valid "with equal force all of the time, with migration many of these claims will vary on a case-by-case basis. Moreover, one has to ask, 'Labor intensive, expensive, etc.,' compared with what?" (Granger, 2000, p.1) Granger states that the ideal approach would be one offering alternatives "for levels of safety and quality, volume of storage, ease of access, and other attributes at varying cots, and it should allow these alternatives to be changed for a given document, type of document, or corpus at any time in the future." ( ) in addition access to all documents should involve only one step...
It should offer up-front acceptance testing at accession time, to demonstrate that a given document will be accessible in the future." (Granger, 2000, p.1) it is noted in one study that emulation is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. In addition, reported are issues of intellectual property and copyright. A cost comparison of migration and emulation, migration is more cost effective since it involves moving electronic files from one application to another whereas emulation requires the design of software and many times requires design of hardware to mimic operating systems
Internal migration in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a multifaceted phenomenon characterized by the movement of individuals or groups within the country for various reasons including employment, education, environmental changes, or social factors. Unlike international migration, internal migration involves relocating within the same national boundaries, and in the case of PNG, it often reflects the shifting dynamics between rural and urban areas (Connell, 2016). Papua New Guinea's diverse topography, coupled with
Information System Information has been for many centuries a mean to pass on different facts from generation to generation. Things like the Holocaust or the Indian massacres in the Americas live in our conscience, but can be proved only by the documents that have told us about them. I have picked these exact two examples because they are opposites in terms of information preservation. If we consider the Holocaust, any of
Meng and Meurs (2009) examine the effects of intermarriage, language, and economic advantage. They find that immigrants who have some skill in the dominant language of the country to which they immigrate tend to intermarry and earn more income (Meng and Meurs). Marrying outside of one's culture may influence language acquisition due to social and economic needs to advance within the adopted culture. Moua and Lamborn (2010) note that ethnic
It is argued that while land tenure data can be instrumental in addressing land-related conflicts, much of the practical value is lost because of inconsistency of information and because information is not readily accessible, or cannot be combined to allow for greater depth of analysis. In practice, this means that policy-makers cannot make immediate use of the information that is available because additional time and expense are required either
S. government is not in favor of dual citizenship as a policy matter due to the problems it might bring. But there is a felt need that dual citizenship must be allowed because of considerable rise in global migration from other nations into America. Dual citizenship benefits the American society in more ways than one. Economic advantages are primary, as also social and political benefits. Besides, it also assists in
By contrast, this was not found to be true for the Colombian couples. Instead, their level of relationship satisfaction was predicted by having a similar level of expressiveness between spouses, irrespective of whether the level was high, medium, or low (Ingoldsby, 1980). Likewise, Colombian women and men were determined to be are equally likely to say what they feel and to express themselves at the same level as North American
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