Oppositional defiant disorder falls within a new classification of disorders known as "Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders" in the DSM-V (American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013, p. 15). In prior editions of the DSM, including its most recent predecessor the DSM-IV-TR, many of the disorders in this category, including oppositional defiant disorder, were classified as "Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence." Problems with self-control are the primary characteristic linking together the Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders. Moreover, the DSM-V updated the criteria for oppositional defiant disorder so that symptoms are grouped into three types including angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness (American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013). Therefore, both mood-related and observable behaviors are part of the diagnostic criteria.
Oppositional defiant disorder symptoms "occur commonly in normally developing children and adolescents," warranting scrutiny on the part of clinical professionals for misdiagnosis (American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013, p. 15). For example, the child must exhibit the behaviors listed to at least one individual who is not a sibling (Reynolds & Kamphaus, n.d.). Frequency of behavioral outbursts is also an integral part of the diagnostic criteria. Age is factored into the diagnostic methodology. For example, children under the age of five require behaviors exhibited "most days for a period of at least six months," whereas children older than five years have to exhibit the behavior at least once a week for a period of six months (Reynolds & Kamphaus, n.d., p. 1). The behaviors are linked to environmental distress, which inhibits the credibility of the disorder.
Some examples of oppositional defiant disorder include a child who misbehaves in class, who acts aggressively toward classmates, or who acts aggressively towards parents. It is a "leading cause of referral for youth mental health services," and lifetime prevalence of the disorder is about 10%, slightly more for males than females (Nock, Kazdin, Hiripi & Kessler, 2007, p. 703). Comorbidity with secondary...
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