As the center of power weakened in Baghdad, Persian nobles ignored the caliph and established their own kingdoms. Toward the end the Abbasid only had Iraq under their control. In 945 the Buyids invaded Iraq and forced the caliph to recognize their prince, called a sultan, as ruler of Iraq. Another problem started much earlier with the Turks. Turks were used as soldiers and slaves. As Abbasid power began to wane they hired entire armies of Turkish soldiers. In 1055 the Seljuks, a Turkish group took over Baghdad. The Turks pushed all the way to Damascus in 1076. The Seljuks established a feudal economy and one where military service is the means of acquiring land. After the Seljuks defeated the Byzantium Empire in 1071, the Byzantines called on the Pope for help in defeating the Muslims. In 1096 Christian rulers across Europe heeded the Pope's call and went to war called the Crusades. Trade began with Italian city states. The Christians captured Jerusalem in 1099 and established four states. However, by 1291 they recaptured the Holy Land. The final nail in the coffin for the Abbasid Empire was the invasion of the Mongols in 1258.
Despite the wars and conflict during this era, it was also a time of academic and artistic innovation and discovery. This time period saw the emergence of great Muslim scholars such as, Rhazes, who wrote a medical encyclopedia and papers on medicine and surgery. Another important scholar was Ibn Sina as known as Avicenna. His publication on medical science was used in European universities for centuries to come. During this time the precursor to chemistry was being discovered, alchemy. In their alchemic experiments, Muslims created a science based on the structure of chemical compounds and made techniques to accurately use them. This explosion of creativity extended to the humanities, the famous literary work the Arabian Nights was written during this period.
4. The Late Middle Period is a time that began with...
Muslims excelled in ornate and intricate designs since they rejected drawing and sculpting the human image for fear of idolatry. Their artistic style consists of rugs, silks, leatherwork, metal work, cotton textiles, highly glazed ceramics, and fine glass, as well as wall hangings, tiles, inlaid metalwork, carved wood, and furniture. Another art polished to sheen by Muslims was calligraphy, or stylized form of penmanship that developed into a form
Middle East Has the presence of oil in the Middle East had a significant impact on the peoples of non-oil-producing states in the region? If so, in what ways, exactly? Develop an argument with specific reference to AT LEAST TWO non-oil-producing states. and other Western powers, oil supplies are the only real interest in the Middle East, and most people in the region are well aware of this fact, and of
Civilization Historical Analysis The daring voyages made by explorers from Spain and Portuguese resulted in exploration and discovery of new lands as well as new routes between various regions. It was by these endeavors that Aristotle's 350 BC idea of a round Earth was validated and the world witnessed tremendous progress and development in trade. Europe saw much more development in this era relating to new techniques in navigation, ship
Torah law exhibits a quid pro quo vision of the divine, in which human beings enter into a sacred and immutable contract with God. Like the Sumerians in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrews in the Torah viewed the world of the gods and the world of human civilization as being distinct from one another. The Torah also illustrates how ancient Near Eastern civilizations became hierarchical and stratified. Priests
Any of these conflicts might seem limited when they start, but given the cultural differences involved, at any time they could turn into a broader cultural war involving not a small part of the Middle East but all of it, and that sort of war would be a major threat to world civilization, a Huntington shows in his book. Khater (2004) offers a look at many documents of Middle Eastern
Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq were all "constructed" as "imperial conveniences for France and Britain" (Gause, 444). And so, when the British and French were authoritative landlords, places like Kuwait (a British "protectorate" until 1961) were safe from outside interference. But once Britain was long gone from Kuwait, Hussein had his chance to move in and he did, until the U.S. And its allies pushed him out in 1991. Conclusion:
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