Messiah in the Old and New Testaments
The Jewish origins of the word "messiah" are found in the ancient consecration ritual of the Hebrews, who "anointed" something or someone by purifying it with holy oil (1 Sam 10:1-2). It is to this act of anointing that the word "messiah" is derived, as it means "anointed." Kings, priests, prophets, the Temple, and the special bread (which also takes on a unique significance in the New Testament) are all variously spoken of in terms of anointing or touching with oil in the Old Testament (1 Kings 1:39, Lev 4:3, Isa 61:1, Ex 40:9-11, Num 6:15). However, the term "messiah" came to take an on even deeper meaning after Saul fell out of favor with the Lord and a new king (David) was anointed. David was not a direct, bloodline descendent of the kings -- but, rather, a spiritual descendent of Abraham: he was of pure heart. David was anointed and, in turn, pointed the way to the Messiah of the New Testament (of whom he sang in his Psalms), whereupon the term, for Christians, took on its fullest meaning. In Judaism, however, the Christ was not believed to be the foretold Messiah for various reasons, one of which being that he spoke of his kingdom being not of this world but of the other and many Jews expected a "political" leader who would establish a Jewish kingdom in place of the Roman one. This paper will review the history of the term "Messiah" and explain how its Old Testament meaning transformed into the New Testament concept.
The Old Testament is not without its foreshadowing of a divine ruler who would restore the house of Israel. For instance, Isaiah 9:6-7 foretells of a child being born who would take upon his own shoulders all the responsibilities of a ruler and that he would be called divine. But there is no actual mention of the term "messiah" in this passage. The connection between the...
Jesus' answer evokes the message of Isaiah 7:14: Jesus tells John's disciples of all the things he has done (the blind have been given sight, the lame have been given the ability to walk -- all because of Him), and to let these signs speak for themselves. This is how Jesus connects his role as the Messiah to the Old Testament understanding of the word, for as Isaiah says: "Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign…" (Is 7:14).
Walter Kaiser notes that the Old Testament uses the Hebrew word for "Messiah" a total of thirty-nine times in various capacities. Yet in the Greek translation of the Septuagint, it appears as "Kristos," from which the words Christ and Christian are derived.
While the literal translation of the word is "anointed," its deeper meaning is evident in the significance that the term takes upon David's being "anointed" because, unlike Saul, David was a "man after [the Lord's] own heart" (1Sa 13:14). However, "anointed," as Keiser observes, was also a term applied to "priests and prophets," a point which also carried a significant meaning for the early Christians who viewed Jesus as having a divine priesthood, which He passed on to His disciples at the Last Supper, whereat he also drew relation to that other anointed object, the unleavened bread, of the Hebrew tradition. By identifying himself as the new unleavened bread (the Pasch, or the new Paschal lamb), Jesus united himself to the Messiah image that had been passed down for centuries among the Abrahamic people.
This Messianic image had developed over time, first as part of the many covenants…
