Merchant of Venice: Queen Elizabeth vs. Portia There are a number of similarities that exist between Queen Elizabeth of England and William Shakespeare's character Portia in his play The Merchant of Venice. Both women had a good amount of money and power; although Portia was not royalty, she was still a wealthy heiress in the city of Belmont. Because of the money and power associated with these women, they each had numerous suitors and some noteworthy encounters with suitors during their lives. Also, they each involved themselves with the law and helped to decide issues of governance -- the Queen did so from a national perspective while Portia did so from a more modest, civil perspective. These parts of their character and more have helped to make them somewhat ambiguous. There are some scholars who regard them as good people, and others who believe that they did more good than bad. A critical examination of their lives and the parallels between them, however, reveals that although there are some actions that they did that are not desirable, they still are basically good people who are deserving of their reputations as making positive contributions to their respective societies. Examples pertaining to their experience with suitors, their issues with marriage, their use of rhetoric and their forming of alliances among different classes of people demonstrate this thesis very well.

Both Queen Elizabeth and Portia had similar experiences with suitors who were attempting to win their hands in marriage. Partly due to the money and the power that hey had, their experiences with men who wanted to marry them was unusual, especially when compared to the experience of the average woman. As the Queen of England, Elizabeth attracted men from all over -- both within her native England and outside of it. Portia had an unusual situation with suitors because, as dictated in her father's will, she could only marry the man who correctly selects one of three caskets. Portia also had numerous foreign suitors, as did Queen Elizabeth. In part, the large number of suitors that each woman had is indicative of a pickiness on their part that is partly attributed to their wealth and social standing. In this respect, these women received some of the best suitors to win their hands in marriage. The many foreign suitors that Elizabeth received included King Eric XIV of Sweden, Archduke Charles of Austria, Henry, Duke of Anjou, and Francis, Duke of Anjou, although in time she would come to regard her citizens as "all my husbands, my good people" (Haigh 24). Before finally deciding to marry Bassanio, Portia entertained suitors such as the Prince of Morocco, the Prince of Aragon, and "The County Palatine" (Shakespeare Act I Scene II). The titles of all of these foreign suitors are tributes to the beauty, wealth, and desirability of both Elizabeth and Portia, and suggest that they were women who were extremely sought after. Their desirability and the virtue that contributed to them, such as their intelligence, good looks, and religious conviction help to support the viewpoint that they were actually good people.

Both Portia and Queen Elizabeth endured many different issues relating to marriage that also contributed to a solidification of their character as good despite the opinions of those who may have thought otherwise. Portia's situation was unique in that immediately following her marriage, she traveled to Venice with her female helper "accoutred like young men" (Shakespeare, Act III, Scene IV) and helped to decide the outcome of the main dispute of the play -- Antonio's life after it appears his ships were lost at sea and he is unable to pay his debt to Shylock. In this respect, Portia is forced to decide legal matters and to uphold them in a situation that indirectly involves her husband since Antonio borrowed money from Shylock in order to give it to Bassanio to provide a dowry for his wedding to Portia. Although Portia had a vested interest in the matter, she still strictly follows the law in this matter and is able to issue a judgment where not only is Antonio able to live, but Shylock is also required to give some of his fortune to Portia's husband, Bassanio. Queen Elizabeth's marriage issues were definitely different and largely revolved around the fact that as Queen of England, she never married, named an heir, nor a successor to her throne. She attracted a considerable amount of disfavor among several political groups in England because of this fact (which partly explains some of the ambiguity regarding her...

In actuality, Elizabeth was able to utilize her status as an available bachelorette as the basis for relationships with several of the countries represented by her noble suitors, and refrained from naming a successor ("I will never break the word of a prince spoken in a public place") (Doran 87) after she did not marry in order to reduce the possibility of an attack on her life to hurriedly give the throne to her successor. Both Elizabeth and Portia went through different marriage issues, yet each utilized those issues as a means of demonstrating her shrewdness which helps to support the fact that they were actually positive people.
There are some striking similarities in both Queen Elizabeth and Portia's use of rhetoric, especially as applied to matters of the state and of legality. Both women seemed to have a somewhat passionate belief in God (and in Christianity in particular) that helped to guide their actions when they were dealing with issues that pertained to the public. Portia's religious conviction became readily apparent when she was presiding over the legal matter of Shylock and Antonio and holding the former to the letter of the law in regards to his ability to collect on the pound of flesh that Antonio owed him for not being able to repay the amount of money that was borrowed. Before she actually decided this legal matter, Portia asked Shylock to reconsider his desire to kill Antonio to resolve the matter, in doing so she used wonderful religious references and imagery a sa persuasive means of rhetoric. She specifically told him:

The quality of mercy is not strained.

It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven

It is enthroned in the hearts of kings;

It is an attribute to God himself,

And earthly power doth then show likest God's

When mercy seasons justice (Shakespeare IV.i.1 179-186).

This sort of religious rhetoric was not unfamiliar to Queen Elizabeth, who is widely known for her work with the church in Engalnd. In fact, she indirectly helped to spawn the Church of England when, shotly after she became queen, she established the first nationwide Protestant church in the country and illustrated her dedication to this house of religion by becoming its supreme leader. Her tendency to utilize her faith in Christianity as part of her secular efforts in England is perhaps best demonstrated by a speech she gave shortly after becoming Queen in which she stated:

…the burden that is fallen upon me makes me amazed, and yet; I am God's creature, ordained to obey His appointment, I will thereto yield, desiring from the bottom of my heart that I may have assistance of His grace to be the minister of His heavenly will in this office now committed to me. (Loades 36-37).

When taking over as queen of England, Elizabeth utilized rhetoric that invoked Christianity and God as a means of demonstrating her personal belief in the job and its importance to her, which certainly alludes to her attempts to be a positive ruler. When deciding the issue of the debt between Shylock and Antonio, Portia also utilizes rhetoric that directly references God as a means of attempting to get Shylock to demonstrate mercy, which implies that she was attempting to do positive things with her position as well.

Another very important similarity between Queen Elizabeth and Portia in The Merchant of Venice is the way that they were able to reconcile the interests of the merchant class with those of the nobility; due to the fact that Elizabeth was a real person and Portia was a fictional character, Elizabeth was able to actually make such an agreement happen whereas Portia was able to do so symbolically. In Shakespeare's work Bassanio is representative of the aristocracy (despite the fact that he does not have any particular title or is of noble lineage) simply because he married into wealth and power via his union with Portia. It is extremely significant, then, that his very means of marrying Portia is provided by Antonio who is a business merchant and is able to secure the loan that Bassanio uses as a dowry for his wedding. Although Portia has technically married Bassanio, there is a noticeable union between the pair and Antonio (who represents the merchant class) -- especially at the end of the play when Portia has worked diligently in creating a legal outcome in which Antonio…