Ten studies are classified as level 2c which represents 'outcomes research' (evidence is obtained from uncontrolled trials without randomization) and two studies are classified as level 5 meaning 'expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal'.
#5 Were the results similar from study to study?
What is best?
When the compiled studies are homogenous, statistical applications can be useful, and meta-analysis is achievable (Stevens, 2009).
This paper: Yes ( No ( xx Unclear (
Comment:
The studies were heterogeneous; therefore, meta-analysis could not be performed. Most of the included studies describe integrated processes but there is a variety in the described outcomes and processes within the models. At this moment standardized outcome measures in pain management are not available, so it is not always possible to make a proper comparison between the outcomes. Therefore, generalization of the results can be problematic.
What were the results?
The paper resulted in a narrative review because meta-analysis could not be performed. The results for all models indicate that they are beneficial to the management of pain in cancer patients. The authors identified the fact that the level of evidence is limited, as there are no strong methodological trials. They explained that it was nearly impossible to meet all methodological quality criteria when conducting a trial in the field of (advanced) cancer pain. For clinical practice they recommended the development of policies for referrals to a pain consultation service. These policies could be integrated...
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