Mass politics in Europe at the end of the 19th Century had turned away from the liberalism of the intellectual and capitalist elites in the direction of populist movements that described themselves as socialist, social democratic or nationalist. Frequently they rejected liberal rationalism and science as well in favor of emotion, mystical symbols, charismatic leaders and demagogues. Among these were the Christian Social Party of Karl Lueger in Austria, which Adolf Hitler admired as a young man and later imitated, and the Action Francaise in France, led by Charles Maurras, Maurice Barras and Eduard Drumont. This early fascist movement thrived in after a Jewish officer in the French Army, Alfred Dreyfus, was falsely convicted of espionage and sentenced to prison on Devil's Island. For Emile Zola and the French Left, overturning this unjust conviction was the most important cause of the era, but for the nationalist and anti-Semitic Right it was yet more evidence of an alleged Jewish 'conspiracy' to enslave the Christian people of France. In reaction to the upsurge of racism and anti-Semitism he observed in Austria, Theodor Herzl abandoned liberalism and Jewish assimilation in favor of his own type of nationalist mass movement -- Zionism. Given the direction that European mass politics was taking in the 1890s, in which calls for the expulsion of destruction of the Jews were already becoming commonplace, Herzl reasoned that the only hope for Jewish survival would be found in creating a new national state in Palestine. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as in the rest of Western Europe, liberalism had once considered itself to be the wave of the future after the abolition of feudalism, but by the late-19th Century this confidence was undermined. In the new democratic mass politics, the peasant and working class voters in Europe were breaking with a liberal ideology that they regarded as elitist and capitalist in favor of more populist movements of the Right and Left. Nationalism among the Germans and Slavs undermined liberal cosmopolitanism, while laissez faire "called forth the Marxist revolutionaries of the future and political Catholicism and anti-Semitism become the new "ideology of the artisan and peasant, for whom liberalism meant capitalism and capitalism meant Jews" (Schorske, pg. 118). Jews began to gravitate towards...
In shades of the Weimar Republic, the Emperor Francis Joseph had to rule by decree because parliament no longer functioned. Even Victor Adler's version of Social Democracy was strongly populist (volkisch), nationalistic and Wagnerian rather than rational. Goerg von Schoenerer, a former liberal and member of the upper bourgeoisie, became an extreme anti-Semite and Pan-German nationalist who Hitler also admired. As a "total nationalist" he wished to destroy the imperial Hapsburg state and unite the Germans with the Prussian-dominated Reich, a feat that Hitler finally accomplished in 1938 (Schorske, pg. 129). Like Hitler, he was also hostile to any manifestations of Slavic nationalism, wished to destroy liberalism, and believed that the Jews controlled capitalism. In parliament, he was infamous for his regular diatribes against "Jew peddlers, press Jews, Jew swindlers," although he was finally sentenced to prison and lost his parliamentary seat and title of nobility when he lead his gang in beating up a Jewish editor in Vienna (Schorske, pg. 130). For obvious reasons, Hitler found much in his ideology, personal character and political activities with which to identify.
Politics International Relations Analysis of Theories The field of international relations is based on many competing and complementary theories. These include realism, liberalism, constructivism, dependency theory, Marxism, etc. The theories are many; the field is expansive. What international relations seek to do is both formulate and analyze international politics, and work concomitantly with world governments, non-governmental organizations, and multi-national corporations. Due to the nature of work in these global affairs, several of the
The Metro Atlanta Regional Transportation Association (MARTA) is the supervising authority of the mass public rail system that serves Atlanta and its surrounding areas. (Orr, April 1, 2011) MARTA is also responsible for the majority of the bus routes that serve Atlanta's urban areas. The outlying counties' bus routes fall under the jurisdiction of each individual county that they run to, from, and through, such as Cobb County's Cobb
Europe and Africa Understanding the Emergence of 'Ethnicity' and the Nation-State The historical emergence of ethnicities and nation-states in Europe and in Africa is continually questioned and re-interpreted by historians, sociologists, anthropologists, and mass media. Depending on the perspective of the author and the intention of the narrative, ethnicity can be seen as a colonial construct or as an inherent cultural identity through which more similarities with other ethnicities may be noted
" (Patterson, 2003) However, such hypothesis are not scientifically testable unless populations in Malta are surveyed to determine the influence Western political thought has had on their own belief system and on how Malta citizens see their ability to influence political decision-making. According to Bebbington (2009), "The environment has become both a vehicle and an objective of contentious Focus on institutional failures is very much in line with arguments around theories
Mass Media and Ontological Security "Despite the fact that crime rates in most U.S. cities have been in steady decline for a decade, local newscasts still operate under the mantra, 'If it bleeds, it leads'." Gross, et al., 2003, p. 411. Does the mass media threaten society's sense of ontological security more than it contributes to society's ontological security? This paper delves into and analyzes this question from the perspective of peer-reviewed,
Politics, literature and the arts -- Transformation, Totalitarianism, and Modern Capitalist life in Franz Kafka's "Metamorphosis," Fritz Lang's "Metropolis," and Albert Camus' Caligula At first, the towering heights of the German director Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" may seem to have little to do with the cramped world of the Czech author Franz Kafka's "Metamorphosis." Fritz Lang portrayed a humanity whereby seemingly sleek human beings were dwarfed by towering and modernist structures, where
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