The study used a sample method to collect data from a variety of cities, using the Uniform Crime Report, the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, and the Census of State and Federal Adult Correction Facilities for sources (717). In this study, the dependent variable was African-American juvenile arrests "for murder, rape, robber, and aggravated assaults," which are commonly known as violent crimes (717). The independent variables, on the other hand, include "poverty," "interracial income inequality," "single parent homes," and "racial residential segregation" (718). In addition, the authors measured male role models in three different ways, controlling for marriage and job status, or simply calculating the total population of those over 15 (718). The control variables include a percentage of the population who was Hispanic, a differentiation between the southern urban areas and other urban areas, and "residential mobility" (718). Thus, this study primarily focuses on the family unit for its study, though it places...
Furthermore, African-Americans are being studied in particular. The basis for this decision is previous research, which had previously discussed these issues. Thus, this study exhibited many strengths by building on previous literature to test the generalization of a claim. Furthermore, the use of different studies and several independent variables allowed the researchers to truly verify Anderson's claims. However, the study also had several weaknesses in regards to design. The primary weakness includes the types of data gathered. While published reports may be hard sources that are well documented, they do not give an accurate picture of the African-American community's problem with juveniles and violence. Self-report data or interviews would give a much more accurate picture.
In G. Landsberg, M. Rock, & L. Berg (Eds.), Serving mentally ill offenders and their victims: Challenges and opportunities for social workers and other mental health professionals. New York, NY: Springer. Carroll K.M. (1997). Enhancing retention in clinical trials of psychosocial treatments: Practical strategies. In L. Onken, J. Blaine, & J. Boren, (Eds.), Beyond the therapeutic alliance: Keeping the drug-dependent individual in treatment. [NIDA Research Monograph Series #165, 4-24]. Washington,
In search for honest leadership in the church she wrote "Character is the first qualification," without that, the minister is a menace." She stated that ministers should have a clean and unselfish purpose, be innovative, dedicated to the issues of the community, sincere in their mission and not lazy. In effort to stay true to her vision for black women, Burroughs introduced "Women's Day" to the National Baptist Convention in
African-Americans are second only to Native Americans, historically, in terms of poor treatment at the hands of mainstream American society. Although African-Americans living today enjoy nominal equality, the social context in which blacks interact with the rest of society is still one that tangibly differentiates them from the rest of America. This cultural bias towards blacks is in many notable ways more apparent than the treatment of other people of
Researchers in Chicago found the following statistics in relation to NYC heavy users of drugs among those in detention in terms of gender, race and age. The following figures reveal what their findings were. Heavy Users in Detention All Detained Youth Gender Gender Male 82% Male 83% Female 18% Female 17% Race Race Black 64% Black 63% Hispanic 31% Hispanic 31% White 5% White 4% Other 0% Other 2% Ages Ages Source: Callahan (2001) Vera Institute of Justice Report Treatment Options Cognitive
Self-esteem and self-efficacy are issues that are of primary importance. These are affected by a number of environmental factors, including immediate family, but also the environment in which a person moves, as well as the wider social environment. Contextualism Contextualism was promoted in 1942 by S.C. Pepper, and was previously known as "pragmatism." This term was often used in the work of Charles S. Peirce, William James, Henri Bergson, John Dewey, and George
(Archie-Booker, Cervero, and Langone, 1999) This study concludes that: "...power relations manifested themselves concretely through these factors in the social and organizational context, which by defining African-American learners as generic entities, produced undifferentiated educational programs." (Archie-Booker, Cervero, and Langone, 1999) The work of Gilbert and Wright reports a study conducted through collecting a series of articles in which African-American women were interviewed concerning living with AIDS. They write in their
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