A formulary; and 4) Initial difficulty in locating a Kirundi interpreter for the interviews. (Epi Update, 2008)
VI. BARRIERS and MISCONCEPTIONS
Barriers to funding and focus on prevention, treatment and eradication efforts are identified to be those as follows:
Malaria no longer 'king of diseases' in the tropics and hardly any threat to the industrialized countries of the North
Malariologists no longer in charge - new breed of 'managers' have taken command
Basic research dominates and the little applied research that is funded has little operational links with control programs
More complex international infrastructure; countries need to invest heavily to figure out how to seek funds
Funding biased towards 'big' projects rather than towards smaller efforts whose aim is steady, long-term growth from 'below'." (Malaria and International Health Organizations, nd)
Stated to be a strategy that is of a viable nature for future malaria control will include the following features:
Active involvement of communities, especially children, in public projects;
Strengthening of local 'managerial' capacities;
Use of graduate students to support local efforts; and Making 'local' information available to the community. (Malaria and International Health Organizations, nd)
VII. REQUIREMENTS to STRENGTHEN INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY'S ROLE
The requirements for strengthening the role of the international community would likely include those as follows:
carry-out demonstration projects aimed at enhancing local capacity to control malaria;
develop prototype approaches for local capacity building using adaptive management workshop protocols;
integrate such projects within wider efforts to strengthen national public health functions;
extrapolate the information needed concerning malaria to other situations of the world and make that information readily and easily available on the web;
encourage national governments to adopt information policies that are supportive of local public health initiatives;
encourage and support, technically and financially, national governments in their effort to reform their educational systems to provide needed support to local public health initiatives;
invite the global applied research community, including historians, to be 'on-call' when specific skills are in short supply, locally and nationally; ensure that a representative sample of local initiatives are well evaluated. (Malaria and International Health Organizations, nd)
VIII. MALARIA a 'PUBLIC' and a 'HEALTH' ISSUE
S. Price James, stated in the report entitled: "Principles and Methods of Antimalarial Measures in Europe" in 1927 as follows: "Malaria control cannot be death with as an isolated problem separate from other social, medical and public health affairs." Indeed as noted by Rockefeller Foundation Vice President in 1937, "Malaria is a health and social problem; it must be attacked simultaneously from both these angles."
IX. VACCINES for MALARIA
On October 17, 2007 New Scientist Magazine reported that a vaccine "against malaria would save hundreds of thousands of lives each year. Now it seems we're much closer to finding one." The report states that in Mozambique, infants injected "with the experimental vaccine RTS, S/AS02 were 65 per cent less likely to be infected with Plasmodium falciparum - the mosquito-borne parasite that causes malaria - than infants injected with a control vaccine, according to the first major trial of a malaria vaccine in 210 infants. Recipients were also 35 per cent less likely than controls to develop malaria itself." (New Scientist, 2007) According to Pedro Alonson of Spain's University of Barcelona "Effectively it represents the first proof of concept that you can immunize infants against malaria." (New Scientist, 2007) the vaccine is stated to mimic:
protein found on the surface of P. falciparum during the part of its life cycle when it can be injected into human blood by feeding mosquitoes, called the circumsporozoite stage. Primed by the vaccine, the babies' immune systems produced antibodies and white blood cells to fight the parasite and stop it reaching the liver, where it would normally infect cells and multiply. Babies injected with the vaccine received three shots, the first given at between 10 and 18 weeks old." (New Scientist, 2007)
Reported by the Center for Global Development in the Global Health Policy report entitled: "Combining Interventions to Prevent Malaria While Fighting Resistance" is that the New York Times had reported findings made recently concerning the "combination of one inexpensive antibiotic pill each...
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