Racine's Phaedra -- Compared to Blake's "Lamb" and Melville's Billy Budd
As Bernard Grebanier states, Racine's Phaedra speaks "with the violence of life itself" (xiv). If one were to compare the French playwright's most famous female lead to the English-speaking world's most famous male lead (as Grebanier does), it would have to be to Hamlet, whose passionate assessment of life is likewise problematic. Indeed, Phaedra raises many themes, including the importance of origin, innocence, and sin -- themes that may be found in as seemingly disparate works as William Blake's "The Lamb" and Herman Melville's Billy Budd. While Racine's Phaedra is the tale of a woman, torn by a passion that possesses her so cruelly that it destroys not only her life but the lives of others around her -- including the innocent man who is her obsession, Hyppolytus; Blake's poem deals with the triple theme of origin, innocence, and sin from the perspective of the Christian God; and Melville deals with the same triple theme from the heavy perspective of the law, followed to the letter (rather than to the spirit). This paper will analyze Phaedra and the triple theme of origin, innocence, and sin, and show how it compares to Blake's poem and Melville's novella.
The difficulty of dissecting Phaedra in any language other than the original French is something that has plagued translators of Racine, as Robert Lowell demonstrated in 1961 (Ricks 44). Patrick Swinden also insists that Racine's "hexameterswon't go into English" (209). In a sense, it is absurd to contemplate such a theme as origin when one cannot even analyze the play in its original language. Yet, origin is essential to understanding Phaedra. As C.H. Sisson explains, "The subject of Phaedra is mythological," (xi) and thus deeply concerned with beginnings (and, conversely, with ends). Phaedra's origin is important because it underscores the tension in her character -- a character which is wracked by passion and experience. Perhaps the best way to analyze her origin, therefore, is by way of comparison.
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