It is not uncommon for parties to negotiate with each other, with individuals of high functional authority acting as negotiators. The authority that the individual wields is by itself already a leverage in negotiations. Further extending these sources of power, French and Raven developed a more comprehensive outline of main sources of power. According to them, power has five main sources, identified as follows: (1) Reward, (2) Punishment/Coercive, (3) Legitimacy, (4) Expertise, and (5) Reference (Podsakoff and Schriesheim, 1985:389-91). In French and Raven's version of sources of power, focus is on the negotiator's persona and tangible/intangible resources that could be gained from negotiations. The first two (2) main sources, Reward and Punishment, looks at power as a function of what the negotiator could offer or refuse from the other party. A more negotiator-centric source of power is Legitimacy, Expertise and Reference. These sources of power Legitimacy looks at the negotiator's functional authority, discussed earlier....
Expertise, meanwhile, centers on the individual's competency or expertise on any issue or topic the other party is interested in or is the main focus of the bargaining process. Reference sources power from the other party's identification of the negotiator as 'synonymous' or has a "feeling of oneness" with another person, usually of high authority/legitimacy or well-known expertise (391).Leveraging the Power of BATNA Leveraging Power from BATNA In this case example, the transactions and the relationships among the original owners of a cottage and the new third party owner appear to have deteriorated into a zero sum condition and the parties have assumed positions characteristic of a distributive bargaining relationship (Honeyman, 2010). Information as a source of power. Strategic advantage in a distributive bargaining situation is often a function of how
Inclusion of polarized differences within the so-called team in relation to the government of Rwanda was vital for the lack of agreement during the negotiations. Two-level game situation and chaotic structures led to the failure of the bargaining power of the government of Rwanda during the negotiation process. One of the eventual outcomes of the negotiation process was the composition of the national army with 50% from the Tutsis
While Cadbury was initially vulnerable resulting in this take over, Kraft had to borrow heavily to afford the final price of 850p per share. In the coming months and years, Kraft will have to balance against recovering the money put into this acquisition (Wiggins, 2010). A risk, many British politicians and citizens alike fear will mean the end of their signature chocolate in an effort by Kraft to increase
Negotiation Strategy Aspiring students wishing to learn the finer details of the art of negotiation would be well advised to investigate different negotiation situations that present different aspects of negotiation. These examples are even more relevant and beneficial when changing strategies occur during the negotiation, and, learning results with these experiences becomes evident and applicable to everyday situations. As an aspiring pharmaceutical sales representative, it is important for me to remember
One party may take power away from the other. One party may lose power. This interaction or exchange leads either to equilibrium between the wielders of power, or to disequilibrium and imbalance. One can take Coleman to be saying that power is an element of exchange (or retraction) within the field of conflict. It is like the goal struggled for between two opponents on a sports pitch. It includes
There are different types of leadership power; position power and personal power are two types of power. These can be exemplified by examining two different leaders who leveraged the two power types. Position Power Position power is obtained based purely on an individual's position within a hierarchy, seniority within a hierarchy can be used in order to reward or punish an individual. One well-known example of a leader, often cited as a
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now