Verified Document

Leverage And Subprime Mortgage Crisis Term Paper

Subprime Mortgage Crisis -- 4 Questions What is "leverage"? How does leverage magnify a bank's profit and losses?

The term leverage refers to the use of someone else's money to create financial gain. In the mortgage industry, homeowners typically put down a small amount of money on a home, and borrow the rest in the form of a mortgage. This use of borrowed money for a large purchase is referred to as leverage. While the homeowner has only put down a small amount of money and has borrowed a fixed amount from a bank, he may gain money in the form of home equity as a result of having used leverage to buy his home, because in the meantime, his home has gone up in value. When a bank uses leverage, it can either gain money as its leveraged assets go up in value, or lose money as they go down in value (D'Hulster, 2009, p1). In the case of the financial crisis, the use of too much leverage without enough capital held in reserve along with large losses in the bank's assets helped create the crisis (Stephens, 2010, paras 5-6).

2. Discuss the principal causes of the subprime mortgage crisis

It is largely agreed that the subprime mortgage crisis originated in the U.S. housing price bubble that occurred in the first half of the 2000s. The market bubble was driven by several factors, including low interest rates between 2002 and 2004 that make mortgages affordable for Americans who were previously unable to own a home. Mortgages and housing prices alone were not the entire cause. The low lending rates encouraged Americans to take on other types of debt, with the result being that Americans began to carry extraordinarily high debt-to-income ratios which tied up larger and larger proportions of their income (Bernake, 2009, paras 7-8).

Many borrowers at all levels took on onerous mortgages with the expecting that they would be able to refinance quickly due to rising home values....

However, homes didn't continue gaining at the levels that occurred in the early 2000s, and the housing bubble peaked in 2005-2006 (Lahart, 2007, para 2). Borrowers who had relied on the rising value of their home to qualify them for a better mortgage were subsequently unable to refinance to more favorable terms, and had increasing trouble affording their mortgages and other debts. Although typically referred to as the subprime mortgage crisis, subprime borrowers were not the only types of borrowers who experienced problems. Borrowers of all types found that their debt levels combined with other factors to cause them to become delinquent and then to default on their mortgages.
A second cause was the creation of new investment products created largely from grouping of subprime mortgages. These mortgage-backed securities allowed greater investment in the booming American financial markets, including many investments by foreign firms Bernake, 2009, para 6-8). As mortgage defaults rose, the value of mortgage-backed securities plummeted, and companies that relied on these products for liquidity found that they no longer had the assets they had relied upon.

1. What role does bank regulation play in preventing banking crises?

Crises can be prevented in two ways: by avoiding crisis situations in the first place, or by acting quickly to minimize situations that are on the verge of becoming crises. Bank regulations are designed primarily to keep banks from entering crisis situations in the first place, and should that fail, to resolve harmful situations quickly and efficiently.

Regulations typically work in several ways. They can require banks and other financial institutions to have a certain amount of liquid capital in reserves, which is supposed to ensure that banks can always pay any obligations that become due immediately. Of course, the bank can't have liquid savings…

Sources used in this document:
Work Cited

Bernake, Ben. "Four Questions about the Financial Crisis." Federal Reserve. April 14, 2009. http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20090414a.htm

Conerly, Bill. "Did Lack of Regulation Create the Subprime Mortgage Crisis?" Seeking Alpha. September 28, 2008. http://seekingalpha.com/article/97636-did-lack-of-regulation-create-the-subprime-mortgage-crisis

D'Hulster, Katia. "The Leverage Ratio." The World Bank. December, 2009. Web. http://www.worldbank.org/financialcrisis/pdf/levrage-ratio-web.pdf

Jaffe, Dwight; and Perlow, Mark. "Investment bank regulation after the Bear rescue." Central Banking Journal. 18 (May 2008). Web. http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/jaffee/Papers/104CB_JaffeePerlow.pdf
Lahart, Justin. "Egg Cracks Differ in Houseing, Finance Shells." The Wall Street Journal. December 24, 2007. Web. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119845906460548071.html.
Petersen, M. A; Senosi, M.C.; Mukuddem-Petersen, J.; Mulaudzi, M.P.; and Schoeman, I.M. "Did Bank Capital Regulation Exacerbate the Subprime Mortgage Crisis?" Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society. Volume 2009 (2009), 34 pages. Web. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ddns/2009/742968/
Stephens, Warren A. "You call that reform? Here's what we really need." CNN.com. March 30, 2010. Web. http://money.cnn.com/2010/03/29/news/economy/financial_reform_banks.fortune/index.htm
Cite this Document:
Copy Bibliography Citation

Related Documents

Housing Market Crash Subprime Mortgage Crisis
Words: 1795 Length: 6 Document Type: Term Paper

Subprime Mortgage Crisis A major issue for today's economy in the U.S. is the subprime mortgage crisis. The mortgage crisis has sent the U.S. economy into a recession with greater impact than the Great Depression of the 1920s. One will discover some important terms that will allow the reader to better understand this topic. Additionally, this paper will examine some background information and events that led to the housing market crash

The Subprime Mortgage Crisis and Aftermath
Words: 3228 Length: 11 Document Type: Research Paper

What caused the subprime mortgage crisis and what was the result of the Treasury's and Federal Reserve's response to that crisis? Most people are familiar with the overall story of events leading up to 2008. They may have seen the film The Big Short, which helped the public to learn about collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and credit default swaps (CDSs). However, there is a lot more to the story than

Subprime Mortgage Crisis of 2007 2008
Words: 3267 Length: 11 Document Type: Research Paper

The Subprime Crisis There were a number of factors that led to the subprime crisis: Fannie Mae, Countrywide Financial, the Federal Reserve, Moody’s, Merrill Lynch, Bear Stearns, Goldman Sachs, AIG, Michael Burry, who shorted the mortgage backed securities being sold to investors that were full of subprime—and guys like him (the ones depicted in Michael Lewis’s The Big Short)—they all had a role to play in the subprime crisis of 2007-2008

Countrywide Financial Corporation and the Subprime Mortgage
Words: 1725 Length: 6 Document Type: Essay

Countrywide Financial Corporation and the Subprime Mortgage Debacle In 2006, the world discovered that Countrywide Financial and other lenders had been promoting mortgages practices that were not impractical, they were criminal. Countrywide was one of a number of corporations (but the one with the largest number of questionable mortgages) which followed the lead of a then recent push by the government to provide incentives to companies that offered a greater number

Shadow Banking Failure of Regulation During the Sub-Prime Crisis
Words: 2890 Length: 9 Document Type: Research Paper

shadow banking system, its role in the subprime mortgage crisis, and failures of regulation within the shadow banking system. The term "shadow banking system" was coined by PIMCO's Paul McCulley in 2007 (Spanos, 2012) and refers to a banking system that includes financial intermediaries that are involved in creating credit across the global financial system, whose functions are not subject to regulatory oversight (Investopedia, 2012). The question has been

Global Financial Crisis GFC the Present Global
Words: 2500 Length: 8 Document Type: Research Paper

Global financial Crisis (GFC) The present Global Financial Crisis (GFC) has been considered by the financial experts and economists as the worst financial crisis apart from 1930s Great Depression. The GFC led to the collapse of large financial institutions and downturns of the major stock markets globally. The crisis led to the failure of several key businesses and s significant decline in the economic activities. The GFC started on the U.S.

Sign Up for Unlimited Study Help

Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.

Get Started Now