Learning and Cognition
Definition of Learning
Merriam-Webster defines learning as "knowledge or skill acquired by instruction or study; modification of a behavioral tendency by experience (as exposure to conditioning)" (Merriam-Webster, 2011). Other experts defines learning as a process, one that leads to behavioral change or potential behavior change that is relatively permanent. That is, as people learn, his or her learning alters the way one perceives the environment, the way he or she interprets incoming stimuli, and therefore, the way one interacts or behaves (Introduction to Learning Theory, 2004). According to Cherry (2011), learning is a permanent change in behavior that is the result of experience. The common characteristic that all these definitions share is their identification of a behavioral component as part of the process of learning. In other words, for learning to occur, a change in behavior takes place.
The Role of Behavior
For the early part of the twentieth century, learning was the primary focus of study in psychology. This discipline evolved into a major school of thought known as behaviorism that attempted to explain the learning process. Currently the topic of learning continues to be a significant concept in many areas of psychology. (Cherry, 2011).
Behaviorism attempted to measure only observable behaviors. John B. Watson, founder of behaviorism, believed psychology to be an experimental and objective science; he also held that internal mental processes ought not be considered given that they are not directly observable and measurable (Cherry, 2011). Watson's influence shaped the direction of learning psychology for decades to come.
According to Stoker, a complete understanding...
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