... The followers must be sure that the leader has the competency to lead effectively and the trustworthiness and loyalty to the group and its goals to lead in the direction promised." (Chemers, 1997, p. 153) Since the focus of management is to build power, the nature of the image that ensues will perforce differ from that of leadership.
It is evident, by the discussion so far, that relationship building, image management, and inspiring confidence are essential parts of the leadership phenomenon. However, it must be noted that ultimately performance and productivity are the goals of effective leadership. Therefore, it is critical for leaders to be able to take hard decisions at times with regards to the strategic harnessing of group resources, especially in situations of extreme environmental pressures. Indeed, it is this aspect of leadership that forms the basis of contingency leadership theory, which emphasizes on the degree of follower participation that is allowed in a leader's strategies for processing information, making decisions, and executing plans (Chemers, 1997, p. 160-161). The difference here, however, between leaders and managers restricting follower participation is one of motivation. Leadership may be compelled to restrict follower participation owing to exigencies of a given situation whereas, management is often motivated to do so as a form of power play.
Thus, there are several important distinctions between leadership and management, stemming from a difference in perspective. These distinctions can be summed up as a leader innovates, a manager administers; a leader develops, a manager maintains; a leader relies on people; a manager relies on systems; a leader counts on trust, a manager counts on control (Harris, cited Bennis, 1993, p. 374). In the final analysis, however, perhaps it is important to note that because a leader controls the resources, the communication opportunities, and the goal-setting mechanisms, their behaviors have a critical impact on organizational behavior and performance. In effect, this means that a vital, and perhaps most important, aspect of leadership role responsibility lies in the creation and maintenance of a healthy organizational culture.
If leadership is to succeed in building...
76). As automation increasingly assumes the more mundane and routine aspects of work of all types, Drucker was visionary in his assessment of how decisions would be made in the years to come. "In the future," said Drucker, "it was possible that all employment would be managerial in nature, and we would then have progressed from a society of labor to a society of management" (Witzel, p. 76). The
Leadership Skills Impact International Education CHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION Practical Circumstances of International schools THE IMPORTANCE OF LEADERSHIP IN EDUCATION What is Effective Leadership for Today's Schools? Challenges of Intercultural Communication Challenges of Differing Cultural Values Importance of the Team Leadership Style LEADERSHIP THEORIES Current Leadership Research Transformational Leadership Skills-Authority Contingency Theories APPLYING LEADERSHIP IN AN INTERNATIONAL SETTING Wagner's "Buy-in" vs. Ownership Understanding the Urgent Need for Change Research confirms what teachers, students, parents and superintendents have long known: the individual school is the key unit
325). Robertson & Tang (1998) demonstrate through systematic analysis how commitment in an organization can be empirically measured and how organizations can use that information to improve organizational structures, systems, behaviors and thought processes. This can only be achieved through consistent, objective and systematic processes that automatically work to support a more diverse and functioning work environment. Q4. Explain what is meant by the term "workforce diversity?" Workforce diversity means different things
Innovation and Theories of Management. Managerial Planning and Leading in Organizational Innovation The account presented here is intended to examine the role of innovation in modern business practices. Particularly, this will be examined from the perspective of management and with a focus on the two primary management functions of Planning and Leading. The literature review hereafter considers these functions of management in direct relation to the complex questions pertaining to innovation. Primary
Therefore, corporations have had to change their viewpoints and start looking at the long-term consequences of their behavior, as well as looking at the bottom line. Businesses also have to be concerned because consumers have also become aware of environmental concerns, and many consumers are demanding earth-friendly products and have shown a willingness to pay more money to competitors who observe environmentally-friendly practices. Interestingly enough, this demand has given rise
Dual enrolment has become a popular phenomenon in the education realm in the last one decade. Community colleges are increasingly collaborating with high schools to enable high school students undertake college-level courses while still in high school. This prepares high school students for the realities of college education and socialises them into the norms, attitudes, behaviours, and expectations of college life, in addition to reducing the time and cost of
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