However, few would argue that Theory X is an outdated leadership style that does not promote success. According to Kopelman et al. (2008): "At the heart of McGregor's argument is the notion that managers' assumptions/attitudes represent, potentially, self-fulfilling prophecies. The manager who believes that people are inherently lazy and untrustworthy will treat employees in a manner that reflects these attitudes. Employees, sensing that there is little in the job to spur their involvement, will exhibit little interest and motivation. Consequently, and ironically, the manager with low expectations will lament that 'you can't get good help nowadays,' oblivious as to the actual nature of cause and effect. Closing the serf-reinforcing cycle, the manager feels vindicated; that is, his low expectations were warranted. Conversely, the manager who believes that employees are generally trustworthy and desirous of growth will facilitate their achievement."
McGregor, in later studies, recognized that his theories were imperfect. In a separate study, he suggested that managers and management theorists stop and ask about the assumptions they are making about people. They must ask questions such as (Maslow, 1999):
Do you believe that people are trustworthy?
Do you believe that people seek responsibility and accountability?
Do you believe that people seek meaning in their work?
Do you believe that people naturally want to learn?
Do you believe that people don't resist change but they resist being changed?
Do you believe people prefer work to being idle?
Theory Y and Theory Z both state that managers have an opportunity to help employees enhance their quality of work life (QWL). However, neither provides strategies for how they can do so. Lawler (McGraw Hill, 2008) suggested...
Leadership Theories The role of leadership in business organizations Many leadership theories have been applied, in different organizations, to help in attainment of the objectives of the organization. Leadership theories are many, but the most common include the trait theory, which assumes that different people inherit the qualities and also traits of leadership and later suit for the position of leadership. The characteristics related to the trait theory are behavioral and personality
The four Blanchard leadership styles include: 1) directive; 2) managing; 3) coaching; and 4) delegating. (Clawson, 1989) 2) House's Path Goal Theory of Leadership - the motivational function of the leader consists of increasing personal payoffs to subordinates for work-goal attainment and making the path to these payoffs easier to travel by clarifying it, reducing roadblocks and pitfalls, and increasing the opportunities for personal satisfaction en route. (Clawson,1989) V. CHARISMATIC THEORY Charismatic leadership is measured
However, Avery points out an important shift in managerial leadership styles. She sees it as a shift in the balance of power within an organization, rather than a shift in the way managers perform their daily tasks. She states, leadership involves letting go of conventional notions of control, order, and hierarchy, replacing them with trust and an acceptance of continual change, chaos, and respect for diverse members of the
Leadership Applied There are various modes of leadership that are applied and can work well within organizations depending on the kind of assignments to be handled as well as the employees and even the management that is in place. These are the major factors that dictate the kind of leadership that can b used from time to time. One of the most fundamental leadership styles that have been proven over
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In contrast, a "selling and coaching" (S2) approach is demanded when the leader knows the follower may be uncertain about how to perform the task, but the subordinate has a high level of commitment, as in the case of an intern or a new hire. S2 is a motivational or mentoring approach. The employee craves direction, but will be motivated more by personality and praise than 'carrots and sticks'
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