Le Grand Hautbois
During the reign of Louis XIII and especially Louis XIV, the courts were alive with new Baroque music and instruments. Many new wind instruments were being created with a variety of innovations and some other instruments were being newly invented. It was a time of experimentation, as these just introduced instruments had to be tried out for their range, sound and quality. Louis XIV from his childhood on throughout his life was always surrounded by music. He and musicians such as Lully would create ballets and compositions (Palisca 1968). During this time, King Louis XIV also revived and updated Le Grand Hautbois with the new instruments. Although little is written about Le Grand Hautbois, with Whitwell the compiler of the information that is available from writers during that period, this does not negate the importance of this twelve-player band to the French royal court and other European nations that copied it, such as the Germans.
Baroque Instrumentation
Many differences exist between the wind instruments of the Renaissance and Baroque periods and those of today. Some of them have evolved into newer forms and others are no longer played. The list below (Rhodes) describes some of these instruments from the 16th century, many which will be detailed in this report when covering les grand hautboy.
Renaissance Wind Instruments
Recorder: This was a very popular kind of end blown "whistle" flute, with a pleasing soft tone.
Transverse flute: As the predecessor of today's flute, it was held to the side of the mouth with a hole near the end of the tube. It was mostly used as a military instrument, until 1650 when its inside chamber or bore was changed to give it softer tone. It is also known as the German flute.
Fife: This small transverse flute, held to the side, was typically played in military bands.
Cupped Mouthpiece
Cornetto: This was played with a cup mouthpiece that was similar to a brass instrument. The wood was carved straight or slightly bent and then hollowed out.
Trumpet: A Renaissance horn, it was made of natural brass, had a cylindrical bore and a flared cone-shaped bell at the end. Unlike today, it was played without any holes, crooks, or valves, so the tones were limited.
Sackbut: This instrument evolved into the present-day trombone, with a similar design and use. However, it had a smaller chamber size and a narrow bell.
Double reed instruments
These were divided into those with the exposed reeds, with the lips having a direct contact with the reeds as with today's oboe and bassoon, or those that had a pierced cap over the double reed, so there was not any direct contact with the reed. The cap, like a wind chamber, made the reed vibrate like an organ's reed pipes. The instruments with the cap were more limited in their pitch range.
Exposed Reeds
Shawm: A European predecessor to the oboe, it came in a number of different sizes and had a loud and harsh sound.
Racket: This instrument had a reed on top of a short, thick cylinder of wood, about the size of a common drinking glass. It had ten channels have been bored out lengthwise to form a continuous tube. This instrument was not used for long due to a design flaw. The insides rotted out, because moisture could not escape.
Sordun: Similar to bassoon with a soft and pleasing tone, the air channel ran down and up the column of wood two or three times.
Dulcian: This was another example of an early bassoon.
Capped Reeds
Crumhorn: With its cylindrical tube made with an upward curve shaped like the letter "J," the name comes from the German term for curved.
Schryrari: This tapered bore instrument, with seven finger holes on the front and two thumb holes in the back, had a loud and high-pitched sound.
Rauschpfief: A German predecessor to the oboe, this was designed with a long narrow bore.
French Hautbois
The word hautbois comes from the Old French "haut" or "high" and Germanic "bois" or "wood." This instrument evolved from the shawm, but has three joints or sections and no pirouette to support the lips. It also did not have a wind cap over the reed, so it was instead used mostly indoors and began being played in bands and then orchestras. It was the primary instrument used in early military bands until replaced by the clarinet. Other names throughout Europe including England and Germany were hautboy, hoboy, hautboit, and howboye.
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