¶ … Epicondylitis: A Review of the Literature Mechanism of Injury/Force Involved

Lateral epicondylitis or "tennis elbow" as is commonly referred to often results from pathological processes that occur within the elbow (Foley 281). This injury is most commonly the result of occupational stresses and not necessarily the result of racket sports, though the force involved in such sports may contribute to injury (Foley 282). Direct force is not necessary for the condition to arise and most cases result from repetitive motion or overuse rather than significant impact at one time or another (Foley 292). Given this knowledge one may assume that preventive measures can be implemented to reduce the frequency of the disease.

Lateral epicondylitis occurs as the "muscle bellies" of the forearm narrow and "merge into the tendons" creating "highly focused stress" at the point where the tendons and bones insert into the bone of the elbow (Nicholas 1). Injury to the outer region or lateral portion of the elbow is considered one of the most common injuries in the sport of tennis; the name 'tennis elbow' hence arises and is commonly the result of "overuse of the extensor tendons of the forearm, particularly the extensor carpi radialis brevis" (Nicholas 1). The injury more commonly occurs in novice or amateur players resulting from a combination of factors that may include poor technique, late wing preparation that results in wrist snap or hitting the ball with full force when serving and pronating the wrists, which results in "wrist snap which increases the stress on the already taught extensor tendons" (Nicholas 1).

Another form of epicondylitis can occur referred to as "medial epicondylitis" which results when a player snaps the wrist sharply during the course of play or when a tremendous amount of force is placed on the medial tissues surrounding the elbow typically during the serve portion of play (Nicholas 1). Improper techniques can also contribute such as improper backstroke.

Any activity that results in repetitive motion and stress or...

Causes may include a lesion at the wrist extensor mechanism or near the "lateral epicondyle of the humerus" (Foley 282). Studies utilizing U.S. diagnosis suggest that a relationship exists between lateral epicondylitis and "intratendinous calcification, tendon thickening, adjacent bone irregularity, focal hypoechoic regions and diffuse heterogeneity" (Levin, et. al 230).
Legal Concerns How To Prevent When Dealing With Injury in Canada

In Canada and other countries legal concerns include appropriate diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis and assessment of whether the injury has resulted from repetitive motion or from an abrupt injury unrelated to a job role or work function (Crossman, et. al 100). Patient education and a patient disability inventory may be warranted in many cases to evaluate what treatment modalities are warranted in a given situation (Crossman, et. al 100). In the case of work related injuries prevention is key thus diagnostic tools and preventive steps should be taken to ensure that patients are aware of what motions may exacerbate or contribute to their condition and so that appropriate measures can be taken including establishing an ergonomic work environment to prevent injury when possible (Crossman, et. al 100).

Newer evidence has focused on adopting psychological measures to assist patients suffering from pain associated with lateral epicondylitis and associated respective injury problems. These studies suggest that psychological issues may exist in some patients with certain forms of pain, and hence physicians must have more awareness of a patient's medical state prior to diagnosis (Crossman et. al 100). This presents even…