S. advisory project must increase if the U.S.-backed government in Saigon was to survive and win the war. While some of Kennedy's cabinet advisors proposed a negotiated settlement for Vietnam similar to one that recognized Laos as a neutral nation, this was not to be. The administration had just suffered diplomatic setbacks and embarrassments in Berlin and Cuba. So that it did not repeat this, the covert military option was used, but unsuccessfully. The war continued to escalate, requiring more U.S. advisors and military and foreign aid. Unfortunately for the U.S., the covert operations to assist the South against North Vietnam escalated in the harassment and landing of covert forces until the U.S. Navy became embroiled in the Gulf of Tonkin incident that sealed the U.S. path to open military involvement in the conflict (ibid.).
Diplomatic options in Vietnam definitively died as the South Vietnamese government took action against demonstrating Buddhist monks and students in August of 1963. In a fascinating series of memos and audio recordings available to the public online through the auspices of the National Security Archive at George Washington University. At this time, Kennedy had decided upon a coup against Ngo Dinh Diem if he did not remove his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu who the administration was convinced would lose the war due to the oppressive policies. J.F.K. recognized that the Congress might be angry at him for supporting Vietnamese generals in a coup against Diem. However, Kennedy remarked that it will "be madder if Vietnam goes down the drain ("Kennedy considered supporting," 2009)." The administration then considered proposals to evacuate American troops from South Vietnam as explicitly linked to the success of a military coup. The administration tapes reveal that the plans for the American withdrawal were created in fabric of the NSC deliberations about the coup. The coup rumors and threats were waved as a feature of diplomatic maneuvers to induce President Diem to oust his brother Nhu from the government (ibid.). The failure of the administrations policies in the wake of the Diem coup ensured the escalation of the U.S. intervention. As with George W. Bush later, this cavalier attitude toward assassination would raise long lasting constitutional questions that impacted upon civilian rights.
Conclusion
As we have seen, the flexible response doctrine had advantages...
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