He also published several poems and short stories in Cuban and Dominican newspapers and magazines, and worked for a period of time as literary editor for the influential newspaper, Listin Diario.
The fact that Juan Bosch was, first and foremost, a humanist who was interested in all aspects of human interest and welfare is clearly reflected in his writings. for, Bosch did not merely dwell on the miserable plight of the rural poor, but also reflected on the materialism and hypocrisy of the upper classes. For instance, in La bella alma de don Damian (the Beautiful Soul of Don Damian), Bosch depicts Don Damian's soul examining itself with a critical eye while his survivors lament with "troubling predictability the passing of his beautiful soul." Thus, it is evident that Juan Bosch was also a philosopher, who was concerned about the welfare of the human soul.
Bosch's humanism also led him to closely examine and reflect on multiple aspects of human life and culture, as evidenced by works such as Hostos, el sembrador (Hostos, the Sower), Mujeres en la vida de Hostos (Women in the life of Hostos), Cuba, la isla fascinante (Cuba, the Fascinating Island), Judas Iscariote (Judas Iscariot), and El Caluminado (the Slandered). In addition, he wrote extensively on political ideologies and thought. In 1949, he published Errores de la politica norteamericana en el Caribe (U.S. Policy Errors in the Caribbean), and in 1950, Tres paises conquistados con miedo (Three Countries Conquered Through Fear). Bosch is also noted for his works such as Cuentos escritos en el exilio (Stories Written in Exile), El Oro Y La Paz (Gold and Peace), Dictaduras Dominicanas (Dominican Dictatorships), and Social Classes in the Dominican Republic.
Later in life, Bosch tempered his idealism with pragmatism. So much so, that he proclaimed that "democracy was impossible in the Dominican Republic because of the lack of a strong middle class...and came out in favor of a dictatorship with popular support." When Bosch made this statement, he was going through a period of disillusionment and searching, prompting him into examining the nature of capitalism and society on the basis of class struggle. This study led to books such as El pentagonismo, sustituto del imperialismo (Pentagonism, a Substitute for Imperialism) in 1967; Tesis de la dictadura con respaldo popular (Theory of a Dictatorship with Popular Support) in 1969; De Cristobal Colon a Fidel Castro (From Columbus to Fidel Castro) in 1969; and Breve historia de la Oligarquia (Brief History of the Oligarchy) in 1970.
Bosch may have changed his views on the viability of democracy in the Dominican Republic, but this change in ideology does not imply that he had changed his humanitarian stance. Instead, it must be understood that Bosch was simply an intellectual giant and an enlightened visionary, who understood better than most, his country's history and the social reality of the island. Indeed, Bosch's continued concern for the welfare of his people and understanding of both the political and social reality is reflected in the decisions he took in his political career.
Juan Bosch, the political leader
In May 1961, Trujillo was assassinated. Conservative and economically wealthy people dominated the provisional government that followed. This government called for general elections in 1962, expecting to win easily. However, Juan Bosch who had returned from exile won the elections, earning him the honor of becoming the first president to be democratically elected after decades of dictatorship.
Actually, Bosch's victory should have been no surprise since he had the support of the peasants, whose cause he had long championed. Further, Bosch's campaign addressed ground realities, namely the cleavage in the country between the rich and the poor, and not between Trujillistas and anti-Trujillistas. Bosch, in fact, moved quickly to institute a program of reforms once he was in office, including a program to redistribute the land and holdings that Trujillo had illegally seized. In addition, Bosch also announced plans to nationalize certain industries, proving that he was determined to be an intransigent reformist, and that his interests lay in achieving social and economic equality for his people.
Unfortunately, Bosch stayed in power for just seven months, at the end of which period he was overthrown by a military coup organized by a coalition of groups with vested interests. These vested interests included the nation's traditionally wealthy landowners, industrialists, businesspersons, the military, and the church. These groups coalesced to oust Bosch, using the pretext that he was leading the country into communism. Thus, Bosch was once again accused of being a communist when he was, in point of fact, merely focusing on securing social justice and civil liberties for all sections of society.
With Bosch's exit, an important historical opportunity was lost: "Democracy was almost starting from scratch...
However, following several years of seizing ownership of the bulk of the vital businesses, he started to have stake in the important American-owned industries also, especially, the extremely vital -sugar industry. These takeover ploys connected with Trujillo's interfering in the internal matters of adjacent nations, resulted in more and more U.S. dissatisfaction with the autocrat of the Dominican Republic. (History of the Dominican Republic) The Trujillo administration for more than
Morphology A large range of the academic literature centering on the sociological as well as the cultural and linguistic properties of nicknaming can be found. This literature mostly focuses on only sociological and/or cultural properties and/or the linguistic properties but mostly with varying working definitions of the term nickname. For example, some researchers (e.g., Slater and Feinman 1985) notice the structural and sociological commonalities among both the formal and the nicknames
In brief, this painting is essentially a representation of the court of Philip IV and the focal point of the work is the Infanta Margarita who is surrounded by various figures, including her maids of honor, dwarfs and a dog. Las Meninas depicts a large room in the palace of King Philip IV of Spain and most of the figures can be identified as members of the Spanish Court. The
They were zigzagging through the sugar cane field, a truly bizarre scene. Also in Mendoza, it is a dark and evil scene as Mendoza's body is tied to the back of a donkey but the body kept sliding down under the donkey ("ass"). There is no respect for the dead here in this scene, and to take his bloody, muddy, and wet body to his wife's house, and throw it
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